In the current investigation, total phenols and flavonoids contents of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. bulbs, leaves, and flowers were quantified by Folin–Ciocalteu's and borohydride/chloroquinone methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was evaluated by means of peroxide scavenging capacity assay and by cell antioxidation method. Antioxidant activity of E. bulbosa bulbs, leaves, and flowers was correlated with total phenols and flavonoids. The total phenols and flavonoids of the bulbs of E. bulbosa were higher than leaves and flower and its antioxidant activity was also stronger than leaves and flowers of E. bulbosa. The higher content of flavonoids or total phenols, the stronger the antioxidant capacity in vitro. The antioxidant activity of E. bulbosa extract showed it's certain nutritional value and therefore had the potential as a source of natural antioxidants.

Pseudoaspidinol is a phloroglucinol derivative with Antifungal activity and is a major active component of Dryopteris fragrans. In our previous work, we studied the total synthesis of pseudoaspidinol belonging to a phloroglucinol derivative and investigated its antifungal activity as well as its intermediates. However, the results showed these compounds have low antifungal activity. In this study, in order to increase antifungal activities of phloroglucinol derivatives, we introduced antifungal pharmacophore allylamine into the methylphloroglucinol. Meanwhile, we remained C1–C4 acyl group in C-6 position of methylphloroglucinol using pseudoaspidinol as the lead compound to obtain novel phloroglucinol derivatives, synthesized 17 compounds, and evaluated antifungal activities on Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro. Molecular docking verified their ability to combine the protein binding site. The results indicated that most of the compounds had strong antifungal activity, in which compound 17 were found to be the most active on Trichophyton rubrum with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 3.05 μg/mL and of Trichophyton mentagrophytes with MIC of 5.13 μg/mL. Docking results showed that compounds had a nice combination with the protein binding site. These researches could lay the foundation for developing antifungal agents of clinical value.

Rapid urbanization in China has transformed many rural areas from agriculture-dominated to diverse systems, but studies of rural morphology are limited compared to studies of urban settlement. This paper uses a fractal dimension (FD) value to analyze the change in rural morphology in Fujian Province, a region with a long history of rural settlement and rapid recent urbanization, and to explore the factors that influenced this change. We found that the rural FD value increased from 2000 to 2012 and that rural morphology was spatially heterogeneous. FD was generally lower than in urban areas but very close to a typical urban area value in the southeast coastal region. A structural equation model was used to identify key factors influencing rural morphology, which were natural conditions, rurality and economic development, while historic administration had the smallest positive effect. With a long history and unique administrative system, the spatial morphology of Chinese rural areas has shown characteristics distinct from compact urban or scattered rural areas. The urban planning method adopted by rural planners is not suitable in rural regions, because the planning potential of rural areas with high and low FD values varies. Although rural planning currently uses a very similar approach to urban planning, it should use a local, flexible and adaptive policy based on rural morphological characteristics.

A copper-catalysed hydroxylation of diaryliodoniums to generate phenols and diaryl ethers allows the synthesis of diversely functionalized phenols under mild reaction conditions and prepares diaryl ethers in a one-pot operation.

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