Background and Aim: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of proteins that play a significant role in protecting cells against cellular stress. HSP70 is a conserved, sensitive, and abundant gene associated with heat stress's physiological adaptability. The objective of this study was to reveal the polymorphisms of the partial sequences of the HSP70 gene (5' untranslated region [UTR]) in seven cattle populations in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction products (551 bp) of the HSP70 gene amplified from 102 animals representing seven cattle populations (Bali, Belgian Blue × Peranakan Ongole [PO] cross, Galekan, Jabres, Madura, PO, and Rambon) were sequenced by DNA sequencing method. Results: Fourteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), generally found at a low frequency, were detected. Among these SNPs, only 1117G>A, 1125A>C, and 1204T>C were polymorphic in all the analyzed breeds. A Chi-square test showed that the majority of the loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). Varying levels of observed (0.050-0.571) and expected heterozygosity (0.049-0.500) were noted. The polymorphism information content values (0.048-0.375) indicated that the SNPs in the HSP70 gene showed low-to-moderate polymorphism in the studied populations. Thirty-six haplotypes were defined according to the identified SNPs, of which haplotype Hap5 (CGACGAGAGTGTCC) and Hap4 (CGACGAGAGTGCCC) were generally dominant in the studied samples. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between Bali and Rambon cattle and between Galekan and Jabres cattle, while the Belgian Blue × PO crossbred cattle were farther apart. Conclusion: The polymorphisms in the 5' UTR of the HSP70 gene identified in this study should be further investigated in a larger population to unravel the association between the SNPs and thermotolerance in Indonesian local cattle populations.

ABSTRAK: Sumber daya genetik sapi lokal di Indonesia yang perlu dikembangkan salah satunya sapi Madura. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menduga nilai heritabilitas sifat pertumbuhan pada populasi sapi Madura di Pulau Madura. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian menggunakan data recording mulai tahun 2011 sampai 2016 dengan jumlah data berat lahir (190 ternak), berat 205 hari (155 ternak) dan berat 365 hari (135 ternak). Nilai heritabilitas dihitung dengan menggunakan korelasi saudara tiri sebapak (paternal half sib correlation). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai heritabilitas berat lahir, berat 205 hari dan berat 365 hari pada populasi sapi Madura masing-masing yaitu 0,38±0,17; 0,64±0,22 dan 0,54±0,18. Nilai heritabilitas sifat pertumbuhan pada populasi sapi Madura termasuk kategori sedang sampai tinggi, sehingga sifat tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai kriteria seleksi untuk peningkatan produktivitas sapi Madura sebagai sapi lokal Indonesia.Kata kunci: sifat pertumbuhan; sapi Madura; heritabilitas.ABSTRACT: Madura, a local cattle breed in Indonesia, is included as a national genetic resource. Genetic evaluation for growth traits in Madura cattle is important for appropriate utilization and improvement of this breed. The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability for growth traits in Madura cattle. The method used in this study is a data recording from 2010 until 2016 including birth weight (190 animals), weight at day 205 (155 animals) and weight at day 365 (135 animals) were used for heritability estimates by using paternal half sib correlation. The results showed that heritability estimates for birth weight, weight at day 205 and weight at day 365 were 0.38±0.17; 0.64±0.22 dan 0.54±0.18. Estimates of heritability for growth traits in Madura cattle ranged between medium and high. In conclusion,growth traits can be used as selection criteria for future genetic improvement in Madura cattle.

Background and Aim: Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β family, is a negative regulator of muscle mass. This study aimed to detect the genetic variation of the 1160 bp fragment of exon 1 and part of intron 1 of the MSTN gene in several cattle populations raised in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction products of the MSTN gene amplified from 92 animals representing 10 cattle populations (Peranakan Ongole [PO], Belgian Blue x PO cross, Rambon, PO x Bali cross, Jabres, Galekan, Sragen, Donggala, Madura, and Bali) were sequenced, compared, and aligned with bovine MSTN of Bos taurus (GenBank Acc. No. AF320998.1) and Bos indicus (GenBank Acc. No. AY794986.1). Results: Four nucleotide substitutions (nt 1045 and 1066 in intron 1; nt 262 and 418 in exon 1) and two indels (nt 807 and 869 in intron 1) were synonymous mutations. Among these substitutions, only the nt 262G>C and nt 418A>G loci were polymorphic in all populations, except Bali cattle. The frequencies of the nt 262C (0.82) and nt 418A (0.65) alleles were highest. For the nt 262G>C locus, the CC genotype had the highest frequency (0.66) followed by GC (0.30) and CC (0.03). For the nt 418A>G locus, the AG genotype had the highest frequency (0.52) followed by AA (0.39) and GG (0.09). Conclusion: The results, showing genetic variations in exon 1 and intron 1 of the MSTN gene, might be helpful for future association studies.

Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene has an important role in the regulation of feed intake and energy balance control. The objective of this study was to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MC4R gene and their association with growth traits in Madura cattle. A total of 198 calves were used in this study.Forward primer: 5’-GTCGGGCGTCTTGTTCATC-3’and reverse primer: 5’-GCTTGTGTTTAGCATCGCGT-3’ were used to amplify approximately 493 bp of MC4R gene. The results showed that two SNPs, g.1133C>G and g.1108C>T were identified by direct sequencing. The PCR-RFLP method was performed to genotype all individuals studied based on SNP g.1133C>G, and its SNP was significantly associated with shoulder height (SH) at yearling age (P<0.05). Animals with GG genotype had a higher SH (110.35±6.40cm) than those with CC (102.00±8.00 cm) and CG genotype (105.96±6.23 cm). The SNP g.1133 C>G changed amino acid from valine to leucine. In conclusion, the SNP g.1133C>G of the MC4R gene may be used as a marker-assisted selection for SH trait in Madura cattle.

This study was conducted to determine the sexual behaviors of Ongole crossbreed bulls and cows with colony housing systems. Bull sexual behaviors was observed, including Oro-Nasal Contact (ONC), Flehmen, Mounts Orientation Response (MOR), Mounts, and Services. Cows sexual behaviors were: Mounting, Standing-to-be-mounted (STBM), and vulvar appearance (color, swelling, secretion of mucus). Sexual behaviors were observed in 24 hours, with the estrous cycle stage was determined by changes in the character of the vaginal epithelial cells. The data was analyzed by using statistic varian one-way method. The result showed that Ongole crossbreed bulls had sexual behaviors (ONC, Flehmen, MOR, Mounts, and Services) significantly higher than cows with estrous phase (P<0.01). The intensity of bull sexual behaviors had been influenced by the phase of estrous of the cows. At the time of estrus, the cows had the response of mounting (25%), STBM (100%), reddening vulva (75%), swelling vulva (75%), and mucus secretion (100%) that could be a factor of high sexual behavior intensity of the bulls. The conclusion of this study was bulls and cows that kept with the colony housing system had increased sexual behaviors when the cows at the estrous phase.