Various types of sediments and rocks were analyzed for the relationship between hydraulic conductivity (K) and scale of measurement No variations of K with scale were observed for homogeneous media such as quartz‐arenites (quartz sandstones). However, hydraulic conductivity increased with scale of measurement in heterogeneous media. The scaling behavior can be described with the equation K = c (V)m, where c is a parameter characteristic of the geological medium that relates to geological variables such as average pore size and pore interconnectivity in porous media, and probably fracture opening and fracture interconnectivity in fractured media. V is the volume of tested material (used as scale measure), and m is the exponent of the relationship (slope of the line on a log‐log plot). The value of the exponent depends on the type or types of flow present. Porous flow media have an exponent of 0.5, multiple flow media an exponent between 0.5 and 1.0, and fracture and conduit flow controlled media an exponent of about 1.0. The more dominant fracture/conduit flow is relative to porous flow, the closer the exponent is to 1.0. K increases with scale up to a rock volume after which the aquifer approaches the properties of an equivalent homogeneous medium and K remains constant with scale. This volume (upper bound of the relationship) is related to the degree of heterogeneity in a medium. It is at a much larger scale in karstic media (if encountered at all) than in nonkarstic and more homogeneous media. Both confined and unconfined aquifers exhibit a similar scale dependence.
The article describes a new methodology of using genetic algorithms to assemble a natural time series of discharge recession, from which a master recession curve can be interpreted both for streams and for springs. Presented approach can avoid obstacles such as limited time-series datasets, incomplete recessions or too many recessionary segments in many recession series, different time intervals of observations (daily or weekly frequencies). Short time-series intervals, imprecise or mistaken measurements and different types of datasets (averaged or directly measured data) are taken into account as well. Even rough measurements of discharges with inaccurate sensing range can be analysed, if sufficiently long observation is available. Complicated hydrograph shapes in the case of e.g. karstic springs (often caused by combination of laminar and turbulent discharge sub-regimes due to karst network settings) can be processed as well. Subsequent construction of master recession curve is much easier an offers better conditions for its interpretation. Presented algorithm was already implemented to a programme solution, completed on the user form.KEY WORDS: Recession Analysis, Master Recession Curve, Hybrid Genetic Algorithms, Evolutional Algorithms, HydroOffice.Miloš Gregor, Peter Malík: ZOSTAVOVANIE TYPOVEJ VÝTOKOVEJ ČIARY POMOCOU GE-NETICKÝCH ALGORITMOV. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 60, 2012, 1; 30 lit., 15 obr.Článok opisuje novú metodiku využitia genetických algoritmov pre kompozíciu úplných a prirodzených časových radov poklesu prietokov na povrchových tokoch alebo výdatností prameňov v čase bez dopĺňania hydrologických systémov/infiltračných oblastí, ktoré možno následne interpretovať výtokovou čiarou. Prezentovaná metodika umožňuje prekonanie častých problémov, akými sú krátke alebo nekompletné časo-vé rady, neúplne zaznamenané výtokové procesy alebo naopak príliš mnoho segmentov v množstve čiastkových poklesových radov, rozdielne (denné alebo týždenné) intervaly pozorovaní, nepresné alebo chybné merania, alebo rozdielne typy údajov (priemerné alebo priamo merané hodnoty). Ak sú k dispozícii pozorovania z dostatočne dlhého časového intervalu, metóda umožňuje aj spracovanie pozorovaní s vysokou mierou nepresnosti odčítania hodnôt prietokov alebo výdatností. Komplikované tvary hydrogramov, aké sú časté najmä v prípadoch krasových prameňov (často spôsobované kombináciou účinku laminárnych a turbulentných subrežimov v dôsledku zložitej štruktúry krasových obehových ciest) taktiež nepredstavujú problém pri automatizovanom skladaní výtokových časových radov. Následné zostavenie výtokových čiar je potom oveľa jednoduchšie a poskytuje lepšie podmienky pri ich interpretácii. Prezentovaný algoritmus bol už realizovaný v rámci programového riešenia, zostaveného do užívateľskej podoby, takže opísanú metódu možno aplikovať aj bez znalostí programovania.KĽÚČOVÉ SLOVÁ: analýza výtokových čiar, reprezentatívna výtoková čiara, hybridné genetické algoritmy, evolučné algoritmy, HydroOffice.
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