TRUMP VS JOKOWI: EXPLORING THE LEXICOGRAMMATICAL VARIATION OF HEAD OF STATES’ TWITTER COMMUNICATION Putu Nur AyomiUniversitas Mahasaraswati Denpasaremail: putu.nur.a@unmas.ac.id Abstract Unlike other social media such as Facebook or Instagram, which is usually used to connect people and maintain relationships, Twitter focuses on information sharing. This makes Twitter an ideal platform to discuss ideas and generate conversations around particular issues. This article explores and compares the lexicogrammatical choices made by President Donald Trump and Joko Widodo in a selection of their tweets. Guided by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), this article explains the stylistic differences and their implications in the three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual, including the language used for evaluation drawn from the Appraisal system network. The study reveals that Trump’s language is more spoken-like than that of Jokowi’s. Trump also employs various appraisal strategies to negatively evaluate his opponents and counter various adverse accusations addressed to him. Jokowi, on the other hand, uses more abstract written-like language and use more positive appraisal strategies mainly addressed to his government programs and plans amid the Covid-19 pandemic. The result of the study reveals that different individual lexicogrammatical choices can generate diverse representations and images.Keywords: lexicogrammar, metafunction, grammatical metaphor, appraisalTRUMP VS JOKOWI: MENDEDAH VARIASI LEKSIKOGRAMATIKAL KOMUNIKASI KEPALA NEGARA DI TWITTERAbstrak Berbeda dengan media sosial lain seperti Facebook atau Instagram yang biasanya digunakan untuk menghubungkan orang dan menjaga hubungan, Twitter berfokus pada berbagi informasi. Ini menjadikan Twitter platform yang ideal untuk mendiskusikan ide dan menghasilkan percakapan seputar masalah tertentu. Artikel ini membahas dan membandingkan pilihan leksikogramatikal dari Presiden Donald Trump dan Joko Widodo dalam kumpulan tweet mereka. Dengan panduan teori Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik, artikel ini menjelaskan perbedaan gaya bahasa kedua presiden dan implikasinya dalam ketiga metafungsi: Ideasional, Interpersonal, dan Tekstual, termasuk penggunaan bahasa sebagai sarana evaluasi yang diambil dari sistem Appraisal. Kajian ini mengungkapkan bahwa bahasa Trump lebih bercirikan bahasa lisan dibandingkan bahasa Jokowi. Trump juga menggunakan berbagai strategi Appraisal untuk mengevaluasi lawan politiknya secara negatif dan untuk melawan berbagai tuduhan negatif yang ditujukan kepadanya. Di sisi lain, Jokowi menggunakan bahasa yang lebih abstrak dan bercirikan bahasa tertulis serta menggunakan strategi Appraisal positif terutama yang ditujukan pada program dan rencana kerja pemerintahannya di tengah pandemi Covid-19. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pilihan leksikogramatikal individual yang berbeda dapat menghasilkan representasi dan citra yang beragam.Kata kunci: leksikogramatika, metafungsi, metafora gramatikal, appraisal

The research examined the use of one grammatical metaphor (hereafter GM) syndrome frequently found in Indonesian language research articles (hereafter RAs). This syndrome followed the lexicogrammatical structure of Process+Range or Process+Medium. An interesting feature of this GM syndrome, which, to date, had not been studied, was that while GM typically increased the lexical density of a clause by condensing meaning into nominal groups. This GM syndrome seemed to do the opposite. e.g., rather than writing ‘merubah’ (changed) as Process, writers used ‘melakukan perubahan’ (do some changes), which had the structure of Process+Range. This had the effect of delexicalizing the verb as well as increasing the number of words in the clauses. Instead of seeing this form as a mere ritual in academic writing, the research sought to understand the functional role in the RAs. The data was taken from a small corpus of RAs from two refereed Indonesian humanities journals. The occurrences of this GM syndrome were identified. A systemic analysis was then conducted with a metafunctional lens, examining the ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions of this form of GM syndrome. The analysis reveals that ideationally, GM syndrome is a resource to manage technicality, abstraction, taxonomy, and activity sequence; textually, the syndrome is a resource organizing textual coherence through the management of hyperThemes; and interpersonally, the syndrome functions as a resource for Graduation, which decreases the force of propositions.

Tourism industry in Bali has increased significantly since 1970’s.  It is supported not only by its stunning nature of Bali but also its fascinating arts and culture. Bali has incredible arts, vibrant culture and unique traditions which have been very famous all over the world.  Many people especially foreigners want to see Balinese’s artistic artworks and experience their culture.   It motives them to travel to the island which also well known as the island of paradise.  Culture has a compelling role in tourism functioning as an internationally promoted commodity, a role that has often been the subject of disputes among academics. Some people consider that the changing of culture become tourist attractions will cause the loss of culture’s authenticity through modification.  Many scholars say that cultures that are performed as tourist attraction will lose its originality to adjust the tourist demand. This study aims at analyzing how Balinese arts and culture are packaged as tourism commodity in Bali tourism promotion videos which internationally published by Bali tourism board. The data were collected through observation method and note taking technique. The data were analyzed by using levels of product theory by Kotler and Armstrong (2008). The findings and discussions were presented through formal and informal methods. Our findings show that Bali tourism promotion videos consist of four dimensions: (1) essence of product, (2) real product, (3) processed real product and (4) additional product, as described in the discussion.Industri pariwisata di Bali terus meningkat sejak tahun 1970. Hal ini didukung tidak hanya oleh keindahan alam pulau Bali tetapi juga seni dan budaya Bali yang begitu memukau. Bali memiliki kekayaan seni yang menakjubkan, budaya yang dinamis dan berbagai tradisi unik yang begitu terkenal di seluruh dunia. Banyak orang, khusunya orang asing, yang ingin melihat karya seni Bali yang artistik dan mengalami sendiri budaya masyarakat Bali. Hal tersebut mendorong mereka untuk berwisata ke pulau Bali yang juga dikenal sebagai pulau surga. Budaya memiliki memiliki peran yang kuat dalam dunia pariwisata yang berfungsi sebagai alat promosi secara internasional, sebuah peran yang sering menjadi bahan perdebatan para ahli. Beberapa ahli berpikir bahwa dengan berubahnya fungsi budaya sebagai atraksi wisata dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya keaslian atau originalitasnya karena mengalami modifikasi untuk menyesuaikan dengan kebutuhan wisatawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana seni dan budaya Bali dikemas sebagai komoditas pariwisata dalam video promosi pariwisata Bali yang telah dipublikasikan secara internasional oleh Dinas Pariwisata Bali. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode observasi dan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teori dari Kotler and Armstrong (2008). Temuan dan pembahasan dipaparkan dengan metode formal dan informal. Seara umum temuan kami menunjukkan bahwa video pariwisata Bali terdiri dari empat dimensi, yaitu: (1) essence of product, (2) real product, (3) processed real product and (4) additional product, yang dijelaskan dalam sub bab pembahasan.

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana makna sikap diekspresikan oleh pengguna sosial media untuk menyampaikan pendiriannya atas sesuatu hal. Makna sikap sangat penting karena berkaitan dengan citra diri, pendapat dan bagaimana sesuatu atau pihak lain dinilai dan dievaluasi. Dalam media sosial, hal ini menjadi begitu penuh konsekwensi karena sifatnya yang publik dan begitu mudah disebarluaskan. Dalam kajian ini digunakan teori inti dari Martin White (2005) mengenai penilaian  (appraisal). Untuk menyediakan konteks komunikasi digunakanlah studi kasus mengenai sebuah topik popular di Twitter yakni vaksinasi perdana vaksin Covid-19 pada pertengahan Januari 2021. Ditemukan bahwa makna sikap yang mencakup afeksi, penghakiman dan apresiasi dengan berbagai subkategori makna lainnya terungkap melalui berbagai sarana kebahasaan yakni adjektiva, verba, nomina, adverbia, Interjeksi, berbagai modus kalimat, juga  kalimat majemuk proyeksi mental maupun verbal. Selain itu makna sikap juga diungkapkan melalui sarana semiotis lainnya yakni emotikon, meme, gambar bergerak dan juga video. Selain pemetaan makna sikap  yang diungkapkan secara eksplisit dalam berbagai kategori semantik, diketahui juga bahwa suatu makna sikap dalam suatu kategori dapat memicu makna sikap dari kategori lainnya.

Employing the Halliday’s theory of transitivity (1985), this study explores the representation of Balinese religion, culture, and nature in the Bali tourism advertisements videos produced by Bali’s Tourism Office, Bali Tourism Board and Ministry of Tourism of Indonesian Republic. The study reveals that the language of the advertisements mostly describes Bali in terms of material process, mental and relational process.  In terms of relational process, the beauty of Bali’s culture and nature is capitalized and portrayed as having certain kind of qualities: indicated by the use of adjectives typical to tourism advertisement such as mesmerizing, exotic, unique, etc. and it is constantly defined as paradise. A stark difference, however, occurs in terms of the participants of the clause. In the advertisement produced by the Bali Tourism office, the participants having the role of ‘actors’,  ‘senser’  and ‘carrier’,  are  Balinese people, Bali’s nature, and culture. The advertiser, taking the position of ‘we’, the Balinese, speaks to the world, explaining their home island, culture and belief.  On the other hand, the more ‘mainstream’ advertisements of Bali, give more to the prospective tourists, addressed as ‘you’.  Here the tourists are the actors and sensers of everything Bali can offer.  Bali is depicted as purely a travel destination that can satisfy the visitors and in the position of passive ‘phenomenon’ and ‘goals’. The advertisers are taking the position of ‘the travel agent’, the third party that promotes Bali