Objectives: To evaluate electrolytes levels in patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia and to compare it with patients without anemia. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal. Period: November, 2019 to May, 2020. Material & Methods: After taking informed consent, five milliliter of blood was drawn from each patient. Blood sample was analyzed for electrolytes, complete blood counts and serum ferritin levels. Results were compared in normal and iron deficiency anemic groups. Results: A total of 287 clinically anemic suspects including 181 (63.0%) female and 106 (37.0%) male with mean age of patients as 36.11±12.23 were included in this study. A total of 205 (71.4%) of the suspects had anemia whereas frequency of anemia remained higher among females (78.5%) as compared to males (59.5%) in this study. On the basis of serum ferritin levels a total of 178 (62.0%) patients had iron deficiency. Mean values of Sodium (130.41±0.59) and Bicarbonate (24.10±0.31) remained low while mean Potassium (4.33±0.07) and Chloride (103.93±0.47) levels of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) group remained high as compared to non-anemic group. Conclusion: Levels of sodium and bicarbonate are found to be on the lower side while potassium and chloride remained on higher side in patients with Iron deficiency Anemia in this study. Thus these findings indicate close monitoring of electrolytes to evade impediments during management of patients.

Objective: To run a comparison between specificity, sensitivity, PPV (positive predictive value) (PPV) & NPV (negative predictive value) of the three varied H. pylori detection methods used in the study. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective descriptive study that was carried out at Histopathology wing of Pathology Department, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal. It comprised of entire cases of gastritis which were histopathologically proven by using Hematoxylin and Eosin, Giemsa and Immunohistochemical stains on biopsies taken by endoscopy and were sent from Gastroenterology Department Govt. Haji Abdul Qayyum Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal from January 2020 to the month of December 2020. SPSS version 20 was employed to evaluate all the received data. Results: Amongst 95 samples, IHC (Immunohistochemistry) was ranked highest, displaying 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value and 94.74% sensitivity. The H&E stain followed IHC, displaying 100% and 94.44% specificity and sensitivity respectively. The Giemsa stain was the runner up, displaying 95.65% specificity and 94.12% sensitivity. Conclusions: Histologically, H. pylori infection was associated more with chronic active gastritis as compared with chronic gastritis. The three dissimilar staining methods achieved sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values equally well. IHC is a precise method for detection of H.Pylori in gastric biopsies with high sensitivity and specificity. It is suggested to use more than one staining method where H.pylori level is low, it will minimize false-negative rate. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Diagnosis, Staining, IHC, H& E, Giemsa

Background and Objectives: The intention of this study was to compare the histopathological features of helicobacter pylori positive gastritis (HPPG) and helicobacter pylori negative gastritis (HPNG) reported at Department of Pathology, Sahiwal Medical College & Allied Hospitals, Sahiwal, Pakistan. Methodology: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out at Histopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal. It included all the gastritis cases proven on histopathology on endoscopic biopsies sent from Gastroenterology Department GHAQTH Sahiwal from January 2020 to December 2020. HPPG and HPNG cases were sorted and the data was analyzed with help of SPSS version 20. Chi-square test was used to find p-value and the value of p <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: In all 95 cases of gastritis were identified out of which 75.8% were HPPG and 24.2% were HPNG. More than 90% of HPPG had moderate and severe chronic inflammation in the biopsies as compared to only 17% in cases of HPNG and the difference was significant statistically (p < 0.00001). About 98% cases of HPPG showed activity as compared to 8.7% cases of HPNG and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.00001). Lymphoid follicles were seen in biopsies of 34.7% cases of HPPG while this feature was absent in all HPNG cases and this difference was statistically significant (p= 0.00994). No statistically significant variance was found in relation to age group, gender, location of biopsy and intestinal metaplasia in our study. Conclusion: HPPG more frequently shows moderate/severe chronic inflammation, activity and lymphoid follicles in endoscopic biopsies as compared to HPNG. Our data, first of its kind from Sahiwal, is in accordance with the available literature. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, gastritis, endoscopic biopsy, histopathology