Summary Studler‐Cornish chickens aged 15 and 30 days were exposed to slight hypothermia (12 ± 1 °C, 7 h per day, for 15 days). Food intake was not influenced, but cold‐exposure enhanced the elimination and decreased the assimilation of some nutrients and in the younger group it induced depletion of energy reserves in muscle and liver. The results are discussed in connection with the maturation of thermoregulatory functions in the chicken. Zusammenfassung Einfluß der Hypothermie auf die Futterverwertung bei Küken Studler‐Cornish‐Küken im Alter von 15 und 30 Tagen wurden während 15 Tagen einer leichtgradigen Hypothermie unterworfen (12 ± 1 °C, 7 h pro Tag). Der Futterverzehr wurde nicht beeinflußt; die Kälte führte jedoch zu einer Beschleunigung der Ausscheidung und zu einer Verminderung der Assimilation einiger Nahrungsbestandteile bei den jüngeren Tieren sowie zu einer Entleerung der Energiereserven in Muskulatur und Leber. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der thermoregulatorischen Mechanismen diskutiert. Résumé Influence de l'hypothermie sur l'assimilation alimentaire chez des poussins Des poussins Studler‐Cornish ont été exposés à une légère hypothermie (12 ± 1 °C, 7 h par jour) pendant 15 jours à l'âge de 15 et 30 jours. La consommation d'aliment n'a pas été influencée. Le froid a toutefois accéléré l'excrétion et a diminué l'assimilation de quelques éléments alimentaires chez les plus jeunes animaux; le froid a également provoqué un épuisement des réserves d'énergie dans la musculature et le foie. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction du développement des mécanismes de thermorégulation. Resumen El influjo de la hipotermia sobre la utilización de alimentos nutritivos en los pollitos Pollitos Studler‐Cornish, de 15 y 30 días de edad, fueron expuestos durante 15 días a una hipotermia ligera (12 ± 1 °C, 7 h por día). No fué influenciado el consumo de pienso; sin embargo, el frío condujo a acelerar la eliminación y a disminuir la asimilación de algunos componentes alimenticios, y en los animales jóvenes al agotamiento de las reservas energéticas en la musculatura y en el hígado. Se discuten los resultados en conexión con el desarrollo de los mecanismos de termorregulación en los pollitos.
The thymus and the bursa of Fabricius are parts of the lymphatic system of birds, and are involved in the immunobiological reactions of the latter (5, 13, 14,19). In mammals, the thymo-lymphatic s'ystem shows a high sensitivity to glucocorticoid hormones: these elicit acute and reversible involution in states of stress (7, 9, 15, 20,30,32). Though being as a whole a "target organ" of the adrenocortical hormones, different parts of the lymphatic tissue show specific reactions to the involuting action of the former. Thus DOUGHERTY et al. (9) have shown that the lymphocytes of the spleen and of the nodes possess a higher ability to oxidize cortisol to cortisone than do those of the thymus; the latter substance has a much lower capacity to induce involution of the lymphatic organs.We aimed to follow the involution of the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius under the action of cortisol, since there are few comparative investigations in the literature in this respect. We chose as test the dynamics of nucleic acids and of total proteins. Material and MethodsExperiments were performed on 90 chickens of the Studler strain, distributed in 6 test groups and 5 control ones. At the age of 5 days, the animals were injected intramuscularly with a single dose of 3.5 mg. cortisol (Hidrocortizon CIF) per 100 g. body weight. After 8 and 24 hours, 3, 6, 14, and 28 days, the animals were decapitated and the thymus and bursa were removed, and weighed on a torsion balance. Total nucleic acids (TNA), R N A and D N A were determined by the method of Spirin (33), as modified by ABRAHAM et al. (l), and total proteins by the method of ROBINSON-HOGBEN, as modified by KORPACZY (after 21).
Summary. The bursa of Fabricius reaches its maximum weight at 49 days after posthatching ; thymus weight increases continually af a higher rate than the bursa until at least 126 days. Involution of the bursa is gradual ; by 525 days it is a fluid-filled vesicle. The biochemical parameters investigated (DNA, RNA, total protein and aminoacid nitrogen content) vary more in the thymus than in the bursa during this age-period. The differences observed between these two glands explain the role they play in the lympho-reticuloendothelial system.Introduction.
Body and organ weights, water content of some organs, some hematological parameters, glycogen and lipid contents of the liver, ascorbic acid content of the adrenals, and SDH, GPT and GOT activities of hepatic tissue were determined in chicks aged 5 to i weeks. Sharp modifications were found, most of them being concentrated about the age of weeks. This age is characterized by maximal hematocrit value and a very low hemoglobin concentration of the blood, by maximal concentrations of plasma calcium and phosphate, by minimal levels of liver lipids, adrenal ascorbate, blood glucose, and hepatic GOT activity. This a critical period o of the ontogenesis of the domestic fowl seems to imply a switch over of the main energetic role from fats to carbohydrates.
Summary In Rous sarcoma‐transplanted young Studler chickens, the reactions of thymus and bursa reflect the development of the tumour. A hyperplasia of both glands is observed during the first three days: the weight of the glands, and their contents of nucleic acids and proteins increase. Thereafter, a progressive, constant and irreversible involution of the glands occurs, though no tumour is detectable. This involution is maximally enhanced in the final phase of cancer development. The observations are discussed from the point of view of the correlation of antitumoral defence reactions with stress phenomena. Zusammenfassung Die Dynamik der Nukleinsäuren und Gesamtproteine in Thymus und Bursa Fabricii von Hühnern mit Rous‐Sarkom Bei jungen Studler Hühnern mit transplantierten Rous‐Sarkomen reflektieren die Reaktionen von Thymus und Bursa die Entwicklung des Tumors. Während der ersten 3 Tage kommt es zu einer Hyperplasie beider Organe; das Gewicht der Organe und ihr Gehalt an Nukleinsäuren und Proteinen nimmt zu. Danach kommt es zu einer fortschreitenden, konstanten und irreversiblen Involution der Organe, obwohl kein Tumor nachweisbar ist. In der Schlußphase der Tumorentwicklung wird diese Involution stark beschleunigt. Die Beobachtungen werden diskutiert im Hinblick auf die Korrelation von Stress‐Phänomenen und Tumorabwehr. Résumé La dynamique des acides nucléiques et les protéines totales dans le thymus et la bourse de Fabricius chez des poules atteintes de sarcome de Rous Lors de transplantation de sarcomes de Rous chez de jeunes poules Studler, les réactions du thymus et de la bourse de Fabricius reflétèrent le développement de la tumeur. Il y eut une hyperplasie des deux organes lors des 3 premiers jours; le poids des organes et leur contenu en acides nucléiques et en protéines augmentèrent. Il s'en suivit une involution progressive, constante et irréversible des organes bien qu'aucune turneur ne fut décelable. Cette involution fut forternent accélérée dans la phase finale du développement de la tumeur. Les résultats sont discutés du point de vue de la corrélation des phénomènes de stress et de la défense de la tumeur. Resumen La dinámica de los ácidos nucleicos y proteínas totales en el timo y bolsa de Fabricio de gallinas con sarcoma de Rous En gallinas jóvenes de la raza Studler con sarcomas de Rous transplantados reflejan las reacciones de timo y bolsa de Fabricio el desarrollo tumoral. Durante los 3 días primeros se produce una hiperplasia en ambos órganos; aumentan el peso de los órganos y su tasa en ácidos nucleicos y proteínas. Después se registra una involución constante, progresiva e irreversible de los órganos, aunque no se pueda identificar ningún tumor. En la fase final del desarrollo tumoral se halla muy acelerada esta involución. Se discuten las observaciones hechas con respecto a la correlación de fenómenos de stress y la defensa antitumoral.
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