AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the serving techniques in male top level volleyball, especially the tactical and spatial behavior of the servers and receiving opponents focusing on the pros and cons of the different serving techniques. An analysis was made of 4552 serves from 28 matches played during the 2008-2009 regular season of the Italian volleyball male Top League. Serving techniques were categorized into Jump Serve (JS), Float Jump Serve (FJS) and Float Serve (FS), and for each serve several parameters were recorded: role of the server (Setter -S, Hitter -H, and Middle Blocker -MB), kind of serve (JS, FJS, FS), number of players defending the serve (Defense), difficulty in receiving the serve (RS), evaluation of serve outcome (EV), and defensive court zone where the ball was directed (FZ). The results confirmed the largest use of the JS (69.9%), followed by the FJS (26.9%) and the FS (3.3%). There were significant relationships between the serve technique, the EV, the Defense and the FZ where the serves were directed (Chi-Square p = 0.000). The zone absolutely most hit was the posterior/central, followed by the left/posteriors. There were significant differences in the RS difficulty for the JS respect to FJS (p = 0.001) and FS (p = 0.000) and also for the defensive strategies performed: a defense strategy with 2 defenders showed significant and better score during the reception respect to that with 3 (p = 0.000). No statistical relationship was found between the role of the server and other parameters. These results are consistent with previous studies in which JS showed to be the most powerful technique in terms of increasing defensive difficulties but, at the sam e time, with a fairly high percentage of errors. This issue must be taken into consideration in crucial phases of the game, and the serving techniques must be used strategically. JS can be very useful for increasing the defensive "conflict zones" with the aim to score a direct ace or to make the offensive maneuver difficult after reception. FJS can be useful when there is the need to aim a specific FZ and prepare the team for the next defense action. Scouting or match analysis procedure of the serving statistics should be performed during the gam e to better indicate the serve strategy to choose. Key words: Match analysis, Notational analysis, Volleyball, Serve technique. Rezumat Rezumat Rezumat RezumatScopul studiului de față a fost investigarea tehnicilor de serviciu la voleibaliștii de top, de sex masculin, în special comportamentul tactic și spațial atât al jucătorilor la serviciu cât și al jucătorilor care realizează preluarea din serviciu, cu focus asupra "pro și contra" în ce Rezultatele confirm ă utilizarea majoritară a serviciului din săritură (JS) -69,9%, urmat de serviciul din săritură planată (FJS) -26,9% și de serviciul planat (FS) -3,3%. S-a găsit o relație semnificativă între tehnica de serviciu, apărare și zona terenului advers în care a fost direcționată mingea (chi-patrat p=0....

La debilidad y desequilibrios de los rotadores de cadera están asociados con las lesiones en los deportistas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el perfil de fuerza isométrica máxima (FIM) de los rotadores internos (RIC) y externos (REC) de la cadera en jugadores senior de fútbol. Para ello, se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal con 21 jugadores senior de fútbol que participaron voluntariamente en esta experiencia. La FIM de la RIC y REC se midió con un dinamómetro manual Lafayette. Se realizó una prueba t de Student para determinar la existencia de posibles diferencias entre la FIM de la cadera dominante y no dominante, y entre los valores de la FIM de RIC y REC. Estos análisis se complementaron con el cálculo del tamaño del efecto mediante la d de Cohen. Los jugadores mostraron resultados de FIM de 200,94 ± 29,98 N, 2,66 ± 0,37 N/kg de masa corporal y 1,09 ± 0,16 N*m/kg de masa corporal en la REC; y 154,22 ± 25,09 N, 2,04 ± 0,33 N/kg de masa corporal y 0,84 ± 0,14 N*m/kg de masa corporal en la RIC. El análisis comparativo de la FIM en las diferentes unidades de medida mostró valores superiores en los REC que en los RIC (p = 0,000; d de Cohen > 1,631 [grande]). Tomando como base podemos concluir, que el procedimiento estandarizado de evaluación empleado en este estudio ha obtenido valores normativos del perfil de FIM de los rotadores de la cadera superiores a los descritos para otros jugadores de fútbol de nivel competitivo superior de ambos sexos. Los valores de la FIM de los REC son superiores a los RIC.

In rhythmic gymnastics, very young athletes undertake a competitive activity and support workloads of four or five hours, almost unthinkable for such small girls, yet to achieve maximum results it is necessary to start at a young age and work hard. The purpose of the study is to study, in different groups of athletes (3-7 years, 8-12 years, 13-18 years) of rhythmic gymnastics, how they face emotionally and physically the physical and emotional workloads and especially if you find physical and mental well-being. The method of the study is qualitative/quantitative and the administration of 10 questions: 5 to identify the physical self-perception and 5 for the emotional one, is done anonymously. The data shows that the self-perception for physical performance is average (positive or negative and put the percentage) and the self-perception for motivation performance is average (positive or negative) and put the percentage. This data is significant for the perceptive state of the athletes to whom it is necessary to refer in order to realistically face the problem. Given the data and their significance, the study must be deepened with a more significant and detailed sample of data.

Here below are the results of a comparative study on the perception of the sports practice in primary school by focusing on the possible differences between genders and classes, and assessing the difference of the sociologic aspects and the media. Studying, assessing and analyzing the issues related to physical activities offered to children of school age allows a deeper knowledge of the current psycho-physical condition of the child. It’s also important to know the cultural and social phenomena concerning young people which always represent, for better or for worse, the time they live in.