SUMMARYA simple and straightforward scheme for plotting contours is introduced. For any function the appropriate contours are traced on the paths of constant function values disclosing the information contained in the shape functions. The exactness of the contours matches that of the finite element analysis. Extreme value considerations must be carried out to decide whether contours appear in an element at all. Three co-ordinate systems are dealt with: the local, the global and the screen co-ordinate system, and the necessary mutual transformations. A short section deals with the treatment of contour discontinuities acrosy element borders which frequently occur with stresses and heat fluxes. Finally, some examples are shown.

SUMMARYThis paper describes practical experiences in dealing with non-linearitics in temperature field calculations. First the use of the load vector for representing the heat radiation on the outer surfaces is reported. However, if there are also additional non-linearitics in the Conductance matrix, then it may happen that because of possible counteractions of the non-linearities no convergence is achieved, at least with the direct iteration. Therefore it is more appropriate to put the radiation terms into the conductance matrix where the other nonlinearities, such as temperature dependent thermal conductivity and natural convection also appear. It is shown how the Newton-Raphson iteration can be applied in an easy way. In the case of temperature dependent heat sources the load vector also needs to be considered. The appropriate special measures are described.

SUMMARYBy some examples it is shown how to treat non-everyday heat transfer problems which are characterized by temperature dependent heat sources and heat radiation.

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