This paper discusses the fundamentals, applications, potential, limitations, and future perspectives of polarized light reflection techniques for the characterization of materials and related systems and devices at the nanoscale. These techniques include spectroscopic ellipsometry, polarimetry, and reflectance anisotropy. We give an overview of the various ellipsometry strategies for the measurement and analysis of nanometric films, metal nanoparticles and nanowires, semiconductor nanocrystals, and submicron periodic structures. We show that ellipsometry is capable of more than the determination of thickness and optical properties, and it can be exploited to gain information about process control, geometry factors, anisotropy, defects, and quantum confinement effects of nanostructures.

High confinement of surface plasmon polaritons in graphene at infrared frequencies enhances the light-matter interaction and can be used for the sensing of the environment. The considered sensing platform consists of parallel graphene ribbons which enables efficient coupling of an electromagnetic field into localized surface plasmons. Changes in the environment are then detected by measuring the resulting frequency shifts of the plasmonic resonances. It is shown that the graphene ribbons have the sensitivity comparable to the sensitivity of noble metal nanoparticles at visible frequencies, which enable sensing of only several nanometers thick films at wavelengths around ten microns. At the same time, the tunability of graphene plasmons enables a design of broadband substrates for surface enhanced infrared absorption of thin films. By changing the Fermi level in graphene, the plasmonic resonance of graphene ribbons can be adjusted to desired vibrational mode which facilitates detection of multiple absorption bands.

Vibrating membranes are the cornerstone of acoustic technology, forming the backbone of modern loudspeakers and microphones. Acoustic performance of condenser microphone is derived mainly from the membrane's size and achievable static tension. The widely studied and available nickel has been the one of dominant membrane material for several decades.In this paper we introduce multilayer graphene as membrane material for a condenser microphone.The graphene device outperforms a high end commercial nickel-based microphone over a significant part of the acoustic spectrum, with a larger than 10 dB enhancement of sensitivity. Our 2 experimental results are supported with numerical simulations, which show that a 300 layer thick graphene membrane under maximum tension would offer excellent extension of the frequency range, up to 1 MHz, with similar sensitivity as commercial condenser microphones.1.

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