Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to the emergence and spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are becoming a serious global public health concern. This article aims to assess the overall prevalence of ESBLs among animals in India, with year-wise, zone-wise and species-wise stratification. Systematic search from PubMed, Google Scholar and J-Gate Plus was carried out and 24 eligible articles from 2013–2019 in India were retrieved. The R Open source Scripting software was used to perform statistical analysis. The overall prevalence of ESBLs among animals in India was 9%. The pooled prevalence of ESBLs in animals were 26, 11, 6 and 8% for north, east, south and central zones, respectively. The reported prevalence of ESBLs in animals were 12, 5, 8, 8, 12, 13 and 33% were reported for the years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 respectively. The species-wise stratified results showed a predominance of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (11%) when compared to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. which were 7% and 5%, respectively. The prevalence data generated could be utilized in infection control and in antibiotic use management decisions for developing appropriate intervention strategies.

The Indian poultry industry is one of the fast-growing sectors of which duck farming plays an important role. Duck population in India is 33.51 million that is concentrated towards north-east and southern parts of the country who rears mainly for eggs and meat. Duck diseases are of great concern as they badly affect the financial status of the small, landless farmers. Databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, J gate were used to search articles between 2000 and 2019 that showed the prevalence of viral, bacterial, and parasitic duck diseases. R open source software was used to derive forest plots by statistical analysis. Pooled prevalence estimates of duck diseases worldwide was found to be 20% (95%-CI:15–26). Also, continent-wise analysis of all duck diseases has revealed highest prevalence in North America, followed by Asia, Africa, Europe,Oceania and South America. This prevalence of data would be helpful to the policymakers to develop appropriate intervention strategies to prevent and control diseases in their respective locations.

The emergence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has increased and becoming a serious concern world-wide including India. Additionally, MRSA isolates are showing resistance to other chemotherapeutic agents. Isolated and valuable reports on prevalence of MRSA are available in India and there is no systematic review on prevalence of MRSA at one place, hence this study was planned. The overall prevalence of MRSA in human population of India was evaluated by state-wise, zone-wise and year-wise. Systematic search from PubMed, Indian journals, Google scholar and J-Gate Plus was carried out and retrieved 98 eligible articles published from 2015 to 2019 in India. The statistical analysis of data was conducted using R software. The overall prevalence of MRSA was found to be 37% (95% CI: 32-41%) during 2015– 2 2019. The pooled prevalence of MRSA zone-wise was found to be 41% (95%CI: 33-50%), 43% (95% CI: 20-68%), 33% (95% CI: 24-43%), 34% (95% CI: 26-42%), 36 % (95% CI: 25-47%) and 40% (95% CI: 23-58%) for north, east, west, south, central and north east region-zones, respectively. The state-wise stratified results showed a predominance of MRSA in Jammu & Kashmir with 55% (95% CI: 42-67%) prevalence and that of lowest was 21% (95% CI: 11-34%) in Maharashtra. The study indicated that the prevalence data will be of help in formulating and strict implementation of control measures in hospital areas to prevent outbreak of MRSA infection and management of antibiotic usage.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease that mainly affects ruminants, but it may affect equines, canines, and felines. The disease is of utmost significance from an economic standpoint in countries where there is no national brucellosis prevention and eradication policy in operation. A systematic review was done to estimate disease burden, incidences, prevalence, and geographical distribution critical in planning appropriate intervention strategies for the control and prevention of Brucellosis. Research articles that were published during the period 2000–2020 were considered for this study after reinforced scrutiny by two independent authors. Meta-regression was used to examine heterogeneity, and subgroup and sensitivity analyses were used to calculate residual heterogeneity and the pooled prevalence of Brucellosis in livestock. Confounders such as geography, a diagnostic test, and species had the greatest R2 values of 17.8, 8.8, and 2.3%, respectively, indicating the presence of heterogeneity and necessitating more research into sensitivity and subgroup analysis. The combined pooled prevalence of brucellosis in both Asia and African countries was 8% when compared to 12% in the Indian livestock population. The findings of our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that brucellosis continues to be an important animal and public health concern in developing countries of Asia and Africa, as evidenced by the prevalence rate of brucellosis in these regions. Our findings suggested that well-planned epidemiological surveillance studies in different geographic settings are needed to generate reliable data on disease burden including the economic loss in Asian and African countries.