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In the present study, influence of temperature and dairy industry waste water (DIWW) concentration on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa has been done along with the thermodynamic analysis of different functions viz. change in enthalpy (∆H), change in entropy (∆S), free energy change (∆G), and activation energy (E a ) to study the impact on cell size distribution and morphological changes. Among the studied temperatures, higher biomass productivity was observed at 35 °C at 75% of DIWW. Thermodynamic analysis showed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of growth of C. pyrenoidosa. Experimental data have significantly proven the kinetic and thermodynamics functions with 35 °C temperature, ∆H (− 46.78 kJ mol −1 ), ∆S (− 0.10 kJ mol −1 ), ∆G (− 14.8 kJ mol -1 ), and E a (49.28 kJ mol −1 ). At this temperature, size distribution showed maximum percentage (48%) cells were of 6540 nm, whereas the minimum percentage (3%) cells were of 2750 nm. SEM-EDX study revealed that increase in temperature leads to increase in roughness and elemental deposition of metal on cell surface.

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