Reverse or inverse docking is proving to be a powerful tool for drug repositioning and drug rescue. It involves docking a small-molecule drug/ligand in the potential binding cavities of a set of clinically relevant macromolecular targets. Detailed analyses of the binding characteristics lead to ranking of the targets according to the tightness of binding. This process can potentially identify novel molecular targets for the drug/ligand which may be relevant for its mechanism of action and/or side effect profile. Another potential application of reverse docking is during the lead discovery and optimization stages of the drug-discovery cycle. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art and future prospects of the reverse docking with particular emphasis on computational molecular design.

Nanoflowers are a newly developed class of nanoparticles showing structure similar to flower and gaining much attention due to their simple method of preparation, high stability and enhance efficiency. This article focuses on advantages, disadvantages, method of synthesis, types and applications of nanoflowers with futuristic approaches. The applications of nanoflower include its use as a biosensor for quick and precise detection of conditions like diabetes, Parkinsonism, Alzheimer, food infection, etc. Nanoflowers have been revealed for site-specific action and controlled delivery of drugs. The extended applications of nanoflowers cover purification of enzyme, removal of dye and heavy metal from water, gas-sensing using nickel oxide. Recent investigation shows 3 D structure of nanoflowers for enhancing surface sensitivity using Raman spectroscopy. This nanoflower system will act as a smart material in the near future due to high surface-to-volume ratio and enhance adsorption efficiency on its petals.

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