Background: Early determination of fetal gender during pregnancy is essential for the early detection of gender-linked diseases in the fetus. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in determining fetal gender in pregnant mothers at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation. Methods: The study included 227 pregnant mothers at 11 to 14 weeks of gestational age. Ultrasonography results were recorded for fetal gender determination based on gestational age and body mass index (BMI). Results: The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for male gender determination were 91.73% and 99.05%, respectively. This value for female gender determination was 99.05% and 91.73%, respectively. Conclusions: The results of our study showed that ultrasonography at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation had high sensitivity and specificity in detecting gender, and its sensitivity in female gender determination was higher.

A set of fungal (candida (c.) albicans), bacterial and parasitic agents have a role in the incidence of Vulvovaginitis infectious form. To investigate Candida species incidence in east Iran, sixty-five Vulvovaginitis patients (20-50 years old) entered the study. Vaginal specimens were obtained and cultured. The PCR was performed to expand the ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 rDNA gene regions. Of the whole patients, 64% with c. albicans showed moderate and 36% severe symptoms. In non-albicans groups, 60% were moderate and 40% had severe symptoms. In the negative group, 28.6% were mild, 68.6% had moderate, and 2.8% had severe symptoms. Individuals under a diploma were the most frequent of the education level. 56% of the c. albicans group, and 40% of the non-albicans groups had taken fluconazole. 20% of the non-albicans groups also had taken azithromycin. 40% had not any taken. In sum, 2.9% had taken azithromycin, and 2.9% also two drugs of the azithromycin-metronidazole in the negative group. In sum, in the negative group, 2.9% were azithromycin, 2.9% the azithromycin-metronidazole, and 94.3% were without a history of antibiotic takes. 56% of the c. albicans and 40% non-albicans also were with a history of fluconazole takes (P<0.005). 60% of the albicans and 2.9% of the negative groups had relapses. After the PCR-RFLP technique, 13.4% of isolates were identified as c. dublinensis and 86.95% as c. albicans. In the end, c. albicans and then glabrata was introduced as the most common species. The incidence rate of albicans species also was higher than the other studies.