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Climate change-induced disasters show the highest risk for agriculture and livelihoods in rural areas of developing countries. Due to changing rainfall pattern, the arid and semiarid region of Pakistan faces frequent droughts. Farming communities affected by drought disasters are causing serious threats to livelihood, global food crises, environmental migration, and sustainable development. The existing study was designed to quantify two key components through (1) analysis of agrometeorological data (1981-2017) with exploratory data analysis and Mann-Kendall trend analysis; (2) extensive field survey (200 households). The multivariate probit model has been run to detect determinants of coping and adaptive strategies by farmers. Our results showed that the farmers supposed that temperature and rainfall were highly fluctuating in recent years equally. Farmers adopted different coping and adaptive measures that include crop diversification, input adjustment, water management, asset depletion, income diversification, and migration to sustain their livelihood during stress periods. The agrometeorological data analysis revealed that the agricultural vulnerability to drought risks increased significantly, and the survey results projected that 64.7% of the population is exposed to drought directly or indirectly. Sen's slope quantification resulted in (0.025 °C) rise in temperature, (− 2.936 mm) decline in rainfall year −1 . Modeling future scenarios resulted in an increase in temperature up to 0.7 °C, 1.2 °C, and a decrease in precipitation up to 161.48 mm, 103.5 mm in 2040 and 2060. The study evaluated a huge gap in the provision of drought risk resilience services, crop insurance, and climate-smart training practices to build capacities among farmers to cope with the impacts of extreme weather conditions. Our research might provide the groundwork to upgrade actions to drought prevention and early warning in water scarcity areas.

Urban farming is proliferated worldwide related to large urban areas, and population in the city and people need food closer and healthier. Limited area forced urban dwellers to grow food on landless use or soilless culture to cultivate any agricultural commodities by the citizen in the urban area. An urban farmer is not a real farmer. Urban farmers are interested in growing plants or fish and have limited farming skills, but their curiosity becomes essential for urban farming activities. Urban farming has become more beneficial edible food that starts from interesting in the environment, green city, and planting hobby, but the soil and land are limited despite prohibited land scarcity and soil medium. However, urban farming used soilless culture for rooting medium. The soilless medium included less or minimum soil, hydroponics, aquaponics, aeroponic. Soilless culture is now set as vertical farming, particularly in the urban area with finite land. Urban farming as an agribusiness is dominant for household self-demand than commercial. In the future urban farming, productivity can feed the city.

ABSTRAK.Umbi gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) telah diketahui memiliki senyawa fenol yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Ekstraksi senyawa fenol dari umbi gadung pada penelitian terdahulu dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol, namun belum pernah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pelarut polar lain seperti etanol dan air. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan pelarut maserasi terhadap kadar fenol total dan aktivitas antioksidan umbi gadung. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan teknik maserasi menggunakan 3 jenis pelarut polar yaitu metanol 90%, etanol 96% dan air. Analisis kadar fenol total ekstrak dilakukan dengan spektrofotometer UV-VIS berdasarkan reaksi reduksi pereaksi Folin-Ciocalteu dan uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (2,. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol memiliki kadar fenol total tertinggi sebanyak 2,782 ± 0,389 g GAE/100 g dengan nilai IC50 terendah yaitu 13,399 ppm. Kadar fenol total ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak air masing-masing adalah 1,963 ± 0,134 g GAE/100 g dan 2,018 ± 0,015 g GAE/100 g, sedangkan untuk nilai IC50 untuk ekstral etanol dan ekstrak air masing-masing adalah 26,706 ppm dan 18,605 ppm. Semua ekstrak pada penelitian ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kategori sangat kuat dengan nilai IC50 kurang dari 50 ppm.