We describe a new llne-by-llne (LBL) algorithm for radiative excitation in infrared bands in a non local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) planetary atmosphere. As a specific application, we present a predictive model for the terrestrial CO 2 15-ttm emission that incorporates this generic algorithm, and validate the model by comparing its results with emission spectra obtained in a limb-scannlng rocket experiment. The radiative-excitation algorithm has certain unique features. Being a completely monochromatic calculation, it includes the detailed layer-by-layer variation of the shapes of the individual lines in its evaluation of atmospheric transmittivity; and, being an iterative algorithm, it avoids the need to construct and invert large matrices, so that a fine layering scheme can be implemented. It also includes a simple correction procedure to minimize the most serious error due to having discrete layers. These features contribute to accurate radiative transfer results and reliable atmospheric cooling rates. For altitudes above 40 kin, we present results of mode] calculations of CO2(v2) vibrational temperatures, 15-ttm limb spectral radiances, and cooling rates, for the main band as well as for weaker hot and isotopic bands. We calculate the excitation and deexcitation rates due to different processes, including the radiative pumping due to individual atmospheric layers. We compare the predicted limb radiance with earthlimb spectral scans obtained in the SPIRE rocket experiment over Poker Flat, Alaska, and get excellent agreement as a function of both wavelength and tangent height. This constitutes the first validation of a long-wavelength CO 2 non-LTE emission model using an actual atmospheric data set, and it verifies the existence of certain aeronomic features that have only been predicted by models. It also constrains the previously unknown value of the very important rate constant for deactivation of the CO 2 bending mode by atomic oxygen to the range of 5-6 x 10 -12 cm3/(mol s) at mesospheric and lower thermospheric temperatures. We discuss the significance of this large value for the terrestrial and VenusJan thermospheres. We also discuss the convergence rate of the iterative scheme, the model's sensitivity to the background atmosphere, the importance of the lower boundary surface contribution, and the effects of the choice of the layer thickness and the neglect of line overlap.

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This technical paper reflects concepts which could support future decision-making by DOE. No inferences should be drawn from this paper regarding future actions by DOE. To the extent this technical paper conflicts with provisions of the Standard Contract, those provisions prevail. Cost Implications of an ISF in the WMS September 2016 iii HISTORY OF CHANGE Rev. 0 (Draft) Initial Issuance on 01-30-2015. Rev. 1 Revised to incorporate comments from Department of Energy.

This work presents the successful fabrication of 1D photonic crystals (PCs) with two defects using the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique. We study the coupling behavior of the two PC defects and demonstrate the ability to control the defect interaction. GLAD allows engineering of film nanostructure to produce PCs with sinusoidal refractive index variation through control of film nanostructure and porosity. Two phase-shift defects are introduced into the refractive index profile of the film. The observed defect-defect coupling is explained by a coupled-oscillator model and the interaction strength is found to decrease exponentially with increasing defect separation. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the promise of GLAD as a platform technology for PC research and device fabrication.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report evaluates how the economic environment (i.e., discount rate, inflation rate, escalation rate) can impact previously estimated differences in lifecycle costs between an integrated waste management system with an interim storage facility (ISF) and a similar system without an ISF.The costs analyzed in this report are based on the document entitled Cost Implications of an Interim Storage Facility in the Waste Management System, a systems study comparing the "constant dollar" future lifecycle costs of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) management system scenarios. The scenarios include (1) continuation of at-reactor SNF management, including onsite dry storage only, and (2) management of SNF at the reactor, supplemented by a centralized ISF located at a hypothetical site. A multi-laboratory team prepared cost and schedule estimates and used them in a variety of scenarios defined by parameters such as the opening dates for an ISF and the use of a geologic SNF repository at a hypothetical site. For the two selected scenarios, constant dollar annual cash flows were presented for the period from 2020 to 2110. Only SNF from today's decommissioned, shutdown, and operating domestic nuclear power plants was considered, for a total amount of approximately 142,000 metric tons of heavy metal (MTHM). While this analysis is based on the previous cost implications report, unit cost estimates from the initial 2015 calculations for an ISF were updated based on industry-led design efforts.A sensitivity analysis of the economic environment parameters which could impact SNF management system costs for the two scenarios-with or without an ISF-was conducted. When setting an initial starting point and ranges for evaluation, historical and recent data, as well as future projections, were all considered. Factors evaluated include general inflation, incremental cost escalation of nuclear projects, and discounting. Breakeven curves were established to illustrate the impact of changing assumptions in discount rate, general interest rate, and incremental escalation rate on the cost difference between the two scenarios.Potential cost savings for the scenario with an ISF were exhibited for low discount rate values, especially with an assumed incremental escalation rate. For higher discount rates, the scenario with an ISF was observed to cost more due to the larger near-term investment required for this option; however, the maximum cost difference remained less than $5 billion, even with increasing discount rates. It should be noted that this analysis did not assign a value to any benefits associated with clearing sites of SNF beyond that associated with discontinuation of direct storage costs, nor did it take into account discounting of any such benefits which, if positive, could favor the ISF-option due to shutdown reactor sites being cleared of SNF sooner than the no-ISF option. Future analysis work may include examining the impact of other parameters, including changes to certain technical parameters or programmatic assumptio...