The technology is reviewed with emphasis on implementation. PM sputtering is characterized by cathode potentials of 300–700 V and sputtering gas pressures of 1-15 mTorr (0.1–2 Pa). Deposition rates are proportional to power density, which in turn is primarily limited by the thermal conductivity and cooling efficiency of the target. rf operating characteristics are similar to dc, but plasma plus target impedance is somewhat higher. For both rf and dc PM sputtering higher power (or current) densities are achievable at lower target potentials than for conventional sputtering. Permanent magnets and electro-magnets have been used to produce closed electron-trapping field patterns adjacent to the surface of both circular and rectangular planar targets. Plasma intensity and target erosion is a maximum where the magnetic field lines are parallel to the cathode surface. Deposition uniformity can be achieved by substrate motion combined with optimized magnet geometry. For a given material at equivalent deposition rates PM sputtering results in less substrate heating due to reduced bombardment by dark-space-accelerated electrons.

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This Recommended Practice describes and recommends various procedures and types of apparatus for obtaining representative samples of process gases from >10−2Pa (10−4Torr) for partial pressure analysis using a mass spectrometer. The document was prepared by a subcommittee of the Recommended Practices Committee of the American Vacuum Society. The subcommittee was comprised of vacuum users and manufacturers of mass spectrometer partial pressure analyzers who have practical experience in the sampling of process gas atmospheres.