ABSTRAKAlkali Treated Cottonii (ATC) merupakan hasil olahan rumput laut merah (Eucheuma cottonii) dengan perlakuan alkali. Kondisi proses seperti konsentrasi KOH, suhu dan waktu proses akan berpengaruh pada kuantitas dan kualitas ATC yang dihasilkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara variabel input dan mengembangkan model prediksi yang digunakan dalam mengoptimalisasi kondisi proses pengolahan ATC.

The brown seaweed Sargassumsp. is well known as a source of fucoidan. Brown seaweeds found in Indonesia seas are dominated by Sargassum sp.The objectives of this research was to purify and characterize fucoidan from S. binderi Sonder. The fresh raw material was defatted by macerated in methanol:chloroform:water (4:2:1), filtered, rinsed with acetone and then air-dried in room temperature. The defatted dried seaweed was extracted with 0.01M HCl pH 4 at room temperature. Purification has been conducted using anion exchanger. The quality of fucoidan sample was determined for total sugar, functional group using FTIR, monomer content, total ash, and total sulfate in the ester form. The result shows that pure fucoidan contains fucose as the primary sugar component, and otherminor sugars (galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose). Chemical composition of crude fucoidan consisted of 74.25% fucose; 0.28% uronate acid; 10.29% sulfate and 5.5% protein. Purification using DEAE Sephadex A-25 gave 4 fraction pools yielding total sugar (%) of F1 (17.59); F2 (18.92); F3 (13.72); F4 (49.76), respectively. The components that build the fucoidan of S. binderi Sonder were estimated derived to be from fucoidan oligomers including (1,4)-L-FucS-Gal and D-(1,4)-Gal-GalS.

The utilization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) bones as a source of natural calcium was done by alkaline (NaOH) and acid (HCl) extraction. The extraction process aims to soften the bones are milled using disc mill into nano sized calcium powder or nanocalcium. The objective of this research was to study the physicochemical properties of nanocalcium obtained from alkaline and acid extraction of tilapia bones. The results of physicochemical analysis properties of nanocalcium sample showed that nanocalcium extracted by alkaline solution had better properties than that of the untreated sample and nanocalcium extracted by acid solution. The results was indicated by the higher yield, brighter colors, smaller particle size, and calcium content (20.67%) and phosphorus (10.09%) with a ratio of Ca/P = 2.0. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra profile indicated the presence of phosphate group (PO4 3-) at the bands of 469, 563, 603, 961 and 1035 cm-1 , and the presence of apatite carbonate group (CO3 2-) was indicated by intense bands at 873, 1416, 1456 and 1563 cm-1. The morphology of the sampel surface of the alkaline extracted sample was smoother, denser, and the grain size formed were relatively larger. The formed crystalline phases were HAp (hydroxyapatite), carbonate apatite type A [Ca10(PO4)6CO3] and B [Ca10(PO4)3(CO3)3(OH)2] with crystalline degree of 78.4%.

Fucoidan used as immunostimulant is commonly in the crude form. In this study, we investigated the effect of fucoidan in both crude and purified forms in their immunostimulatory activity. In addition, we studied the effect of low-and high-molecular weight fucoidan as hydrolysis products toward immunostimulatory activity. Four kinds of fucoidan were assayed for immunostimulant activity on the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The parameters observed in the assay includes the mortality number, haemocyte, gene-related immunity (phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase and transglutaminase) in the shrimps infected with viral WSSV. The assay results showed that pure fucoidan exhibited higher activity compared with that of crude fucoidan. Sulfate and carbohydrate content of HMW fucoidan are 7.8 % and 82.54 % with an estimated molecular weight of 8.28 x10 4 Dalton, and low molecular weight (LMW) fucoidan has 1.2% and 65.23% with an estimated molecular weight of 7.53 x10 4 Dalton. The transcriptional level of the immunity-related genes was found higher after feeding the infected shrimps with purified and HMW fucoidan. In particular, all of fucoidan forms increased the phenoloxidase gene transcription, suggesting that fucoidan have significant role in the production of phenoloxidase.

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