The Volga is the longest river in Europe and 16th longest in the world. The riverine landscape of the Volga is of exceptional scientific and economic importance to Russia; the basin contains approximately 40% of the Russian population and relates to 45% of the country's industrial and agricultural produce. The Volga River drains an area of 1.4 million km2, covering various biomes from taiga to semidesert. Anthropogenic impacts in the 20th century include pollution as well as hydropower production and navigation purposes, incurring a cost for its historically important migratory fish (e.g., sturgeons) and related fisheries. River basin management in Russia, since 2006, is based on the water code that determines federal competencies in water management. Extensive water quality monitoring programmes provide feedback to regional managers. Monitoring of biological parameters is spatially limited and should be extended in order to provide sufficient data for informed management. Some initiatives have been implemented in recent decades in order to restore the ecological health of the river and manage fisheries resources (e.g., restocking programmes and the definition of total allowable catches). As recreational fishing is popular but presently unregulated in Russia, we suggest additional monitoring. Finally, the headwaters and lower river floodplain of the Volga have remained as free‐flowing and relatively undisturbed systems. Because reference conditions with low levels of anthropogenic disturbance cannot be found in Central European lowland rivers, both the headwaters and lower Volga floodplains below Volgograd are of great importance on European level.

The coastal water bodies that separate from White Sea water area due to Kandalaksha coast rise are examined. The hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of these water bodies are found to notably differ from these in the bays and straits connected with them. Extreme values of water temperature and salinity were recorded. High concentrations of oxygen (>20 mg/l) were recorded in the near-surface water layers and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (>90 mg/l) in bottom waters. The species composition of phyto-and zooplankton was found to be poor. The characteristics of enzymatic destruction in subsurface waters of lakes are an order of magnitude greater than those in White Sea open areas.

На основе географо-гидрологического метода с использованием ГИС-технологий и статистических методов выполнен региональный пространственно-временной анализ процессов формирования максимального стока. Дана характеристика природных и антропогенных предпосылок формирования наводнений. Сделан вывод о ведущей роли природных факторов в образовании наводнений, прежде всего экстремально высоких осадков, участившихся в последние десятилетия. Выявлены особенности пространственно-временной изменчивости максимальных уровней воды. Моделирование зон затоплений выполнено с помощью геоинформационной системы и цифровой модели рельефа. Расчетные уровни воды устанавливались по многолетним рядам наблюдений, а при их отсутствии -по меткам высоких вод. В ряде населенных пунктов осуществлена реконструкция экстремальных наводнений, предложены рекомендации по снижению возможного ущерба при их прохождении в будущем.Ключевые слова: максимальный сток, экстремальное количество осадков, моделирование зон затоплений, многолетние ряды наблюдений, рекомендации по снижению ущерба наводнений.

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