The aim of this work was to identify morpho-functional and biochemical changes in erythrocytes in students with different daily educational -training regimens after dosed physical exertion. The study involved 50 male students aged 20–22 years who study at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. Of these, 25 were untrained students (control group) and 25 were students studying for the highest sports qualification who were engaged in sports in which training was conducted to improve overall endurance (skiing, biathlon, long-distance running). At the end of the school year, all students were required to carry out a single session involving physical loading of maximum intensity on a veloergometer. According to the results of the questionnaire, it was found that the combination of intensive training and training processes caused a mismatch between the functional capabilities of the students’ and athletes’ biological systems and the increased volume and intensity of their psycho-physical loading, which is closely correlated with a decrease in their level of physical health. In the blood of untrained students, under the influence of dosed physical activity, reversibly altered forms of erythrocytes appeared, which accounted for 2.0% of the total number of erythrocytes. In the morphological study of student athletes, an increase in the content of reversibly and irreversibly altered erythrocytes was observed, the number of which exceeded 2.0% of the total number of erythrocytes. In individual student athletes echinocytes with small-focal microdefects of the outer membrane were observed in the peripheral blood, as well as acanthocytes and stomatocytes, which have low resistance to acid hemolysis. The mechanism of this phenomenon is a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase, which leads to a deficiency of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes. Such cells under the influence of oxidizing agents quickly undergo lysis, which is manifested by a violation of their structural integrity. This can lead to the development of “anemia of loading”, which is manifested by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes with their morphometric recalibration due to the appearance of macro-microcytic forms. The presence of such changes can adversely affect both the athletic performance and the state of health of students. This requires appropriate correction of the training process, as well as the development and timely application of adequate measures aimed at eliminating the development of the pathological process and eliminating possible undesirable consequences.

Purpose:to study the aspects of organism's cardio-hemo-dynamic and blood erythrocytes reaction of female volleyball players to standard physical load. Material:with functional methods we studied cardio-hemo-dynamic and with the help of scanning electronic microscopy -erythrocytes' structure in 18 female volleyball players of different qualification (age -22.0±0.60 years). Results:it was found that maximal physical load causes substantial changes in cardio-hemo-dynamic, which depend on female volleyball players' qualification. These changes have intrinsic to them type of blood circulation system reacting, which is manifested in the following: appropriate changes of some indicators; natural changes of periphery blood erythrocytes. In the article possible mechanisms of realization of female volleyball players' organism's typological features, depending on blood circulation type and erythrocytes' conformation, are discussed. Conclusions:In relaxed state all female volleyball players have non-uniform cardio-hemo-dynamic of blood circulation.With hyper-dynamic blood circulation type, higher indicators of strike and minute blood volume were observed. With hypo-kinetic blood circulation type the opposite picture was observed: indicators of strike and minute blood volume, heart index, load on cardio-vascular system in different periods of day were low.

This article reports the study of histo-ultrastructural changes of different structural components of the direct muscle of the thigh of sexually mature male rats over a prolonged period of hypokinesia and subsequent application of physical loading of average aerobic power. Using a light optical, electron microscope (for the exposure of structural transformations of muscle components) and histochemical (for determination of activity of succinate dehydrogenase according to the Nahlas method to identify muscle fibers with different phenotypes) methods, we studied the structural manifestations of adaptation of muscle fibres under prolonged (240 day) hypokinesia and 15–30 episodes of physical loading of average aerobic power in the posthypokinetic period among 55 sexually mature rats. Under prolonged hypokinesis we primarily observed changes in the intramuscular network and morphometric changes in the blood vessels. These data closely correlate with the progression of changes of the subcellular components responsible for energetic and flexible balance of muscle fibres. We found that fast oxygen-glycolytic muscle fibers and their peripheral nervous apparatus are the most sensitive to prolonged hypokinesia. As a result of application of physical loading of average aerobic power, reparative regeneration is intensified, which substantially shortens the period of recovery of structural-functional properties of skeletal muscles in the conditions of hypokinetic disorders. Thus, in prolonged hypokinesia, changes primarily affect the sources of blood supply to skeletal muscles, with the secondary development of reverse processes in muscle fibers and peripheral nervous apparatus with certain morphometric signs.

Purpose:to work out program of elderly age people's psycho-physiological condition correction by recreation-motor activity and test its effectiveness. Material:psycho-physiological condition and life quality of 50-65 years' age 155 teachers were analyzed with the help of two questionnaires. 50 teachers with low level of recreation activity were selected and divided into control and experimental group (25 persons in each). Results:main problems in organization of physical recreation have been determined. It became a base for working out and substantiation measures for intensification recreation activity of elderly age teachers. The basic principles of the worked out program are as follows: all year round physical exercises in natural geographicclimatic conditions; teachers' distribution by groups of recreation activity and level of motor activity. Conclusions:we have proved effectiveness of the offered measures, in respect of elderly age teachers' sleep and psychophysiological state improvement.

We studied the three-dimensional structure and patterns of distribution of the lingual papillae of healthy rats (the norm) and their changes in the process of development of diabetes mellitus І type. The research was conducted on 65 laboratory rats of the Weestar line. The research investigated the mucus shell and the microcirculatory network of the tongue. The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the papillae of the tongue were studied using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that there are 5 morphological subspecies of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of body of the tongue: true filifom, flattened, thin and giant conical and brush-like. Isolated fungiform papillaе are unevenly distributed between filiform papillaе. The dorso-lateral edge of the dorsal lingual surface is covered by foliate papillae. The unique oval papilla vallate is located in the back-end of the middle line of the root of the tongue. The far back of the root of the tongue lacks papillae, is flattened and covered by squamous formations. The distribution and types of lingual papillae is similar in rats to other rodents. In the process of development of diabetic glossitis a reduction in the height of different types of papillae of the tongue was observed, and an increase in the amount of keratinized mass, which plays a role in the fixation of microflora on the surface of the mucus shell, which as a result may lead to development of inflammatory process in the tongues of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. The stages of morphological and morphometric changes in the mucus shell and microcirculatory network of the tongues of rats with diabetes mellitus were investigated, the characteristic signs of these changes were marked. On the basis of morpho-functional changes of the tongues of rats with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus, two stages of development of pathomorphological changes were distinguished: 1) reactive changes (2–4th week) and 2) destructive processes (6–8th week). At the end of the first stage there was a reduction in height of the filiform papillae and width of mushroom-like papillae in the mucus shell of the tongue, an increase in its keratinization, a considerable reduction in the number of cells in the deeper layers of the epithelium of the tongue and the adsorption capacity of superficial epіtheliocites diminished, a significant reduction in the diameter of path clearance of all departments of the microcirculatory network is traced here. At the end of the secondary stage, there was a reduction in the sizes of all papillae of the back of the tongue, in all links of the microcirculatory network there was a development of diabetic microangiopathy which is characterized: by narrowing of the arterial and exchange links on a background expansion of capacity link. The question of influencing the pathological process in the vessels of the microcirculatory network on the state of the mucus shell of the tongue in animals with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus is discussed.