A method is described for determining the two-dimensional distribution of specific antigens on cell surfaces, and is applied to the D antigen of the Rh antigenic system. Rh-positive human erythrocytes are allowed to react with purified 1251-labeled human anti-Rh0(D) -yglobulin antibodies, and the sensitized cells are then lysed at an air-water interface. The residual cell membranes are spread flat by surface forces, and are picked up on a carbon-strengthened collodion-coated electron microscope grid. The membranes are then stained with ferritinconjugated goat -antibodies directed against human -yglobulins. Only Rh-positive cells sensitized with antiRho(D) antibodies bind the ferritin-conjugated antihuman -y-globulins. The
The antigens on the stroma of the red cell represent immunochemically specific molecules whose synthesis is genetically determined (1). The genetic control of the blood group antigens in man was recognized (2)
MATERIALS AND METHODSExcept for the procedures described below, the methods presented in a previous paper (7) were used for iodination,' determination of radioactivity, stroma preparation and reaction of the red cells with the P"' anti-Rho(D).Fractionation of anti-Rho(D) serurn. High titered anti-Rho(D) serum was obtained from a 30 year old white housewife who had been immunized to the Rh0(D) antigen by multiple pregnancies. The pertinent details of her history and immunization have been presented (7).The y-globulins were isolated by the method of Nichol and Deutsch (10), in place of the modified Cohn method 10 procedure used previously (7). The titer of the antiRho ( D) serum before fractionation was 2,048 and the titer of the -y-globulin fraction was 2,048. The anti-
Summary
The effect of a low ionic strength environment on the serologic activity of 64 anti‐sera was studied by substituting iso‐osmotic glycine for buffer in the diluent. Some enhancement was achieved with most antibodies, both complete and incomplete, except for antibodies with ABO and Lewis specificity. Red cell sensitization and possibly agglutination of sensitized cells appear to be enhanced in the presence of a low ionic strength milieu. A reduction of ionic strength from 0.26 to about 0.07 results in reducing the antiserum requirement by about one‐half. The most marked enhancement occurred with Rh isoantibodies and the glycine‐antiglobulin technique enhanced significantly the detection of “low grade” Du cells. Enzyme modification and low ionic strength (glycine‐buffer) appear to be equivalent in potentiating antibody activity except that antigens inactivated by enzymes (M) are enhanced by glycine‐buffer and other antigens enhanced by enzymes (Le) are not potentiated by glycine‐buffer. These findings indicate that a low ionic strength diluent is most useful as a supplemental technique and should not displace current techniques until more experience is available.
Résumé
L'effct d'un milieu de basse force ionique sur l'activité sérologique de 64 antisérums a été étudié en utilisant un tampon iso‐osmotique au glycocolle pour les dilutions. On a observé une augmentation de l'activité de la plupart des anticorps ccmplets et incomplete sauf pour les anticorps de spécificité ABO et Lewis. La sensibilisation des érythrocytes et l'agglutination possible des érythrocytes sensibilisés semble être augmentée en présence de milieu à force ionique basse. Une réduction de la force ionique de 0,26 à 0,07 permet de réduire de moitié la quantité d'anti‐sérum requise. L'augmentation la plus marquée a été obtenue avec les iso‐anticorps anti‐Rhésus et la technique à l'antiglobuline‐glycocolle augmente d'une manière significative la mise en évidence des érythrocytes Du. Les modifications obtenues par les enzymes et par les tampons glycocolles à basse force ionique semblent être équivalentes en ce qui concerne la potentialisation de l'activité des anticorps, sauf pour les antigènes inactivés par les enzymes (M) qui sont augmentés par le tampon glycocolle et les antigènes potentialisés par les enzymes qui ne le sont pas par le tampon glycocolle. Ces faits démontrent qu'un solvant à basse force ionique est surtout utilisable comme une technique complémentaire et qu' il ne doit pas faire écarter les techniques usuelles jusqu'à ce qu'on ait davantage d'expérience à ce sujet.
Zusammenfassung
Zum Studium des Einflusses eines Milieus mit niederer Ionenstärke auf die serologische Aktivität von 64 Antiseren wurde der Puffer der Aufschwemmungsflüssigkeit durch isoosmotisches Glyzin ersetzt. Mit Ausnahme der ABO‐ und Lewis‐spezifischen Antikürper wurde bei den meisten Antikürpern, sowohl bei kompletten wie auch bei inkompletten, eine Verstärkung der Reaktionen beobachtet. Sowohl die Sensibili‐sierung der Erythrozyten als wahrscheinlich auch ...
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