Osseointegration is a good indication of the clinical success of titanium implants referring to the direct anchorage of such implants to the surrounding host bone. Despite the high success rate of endosseous dental implants, they do fail. A lack of primary stability, surgical trauma, and infection seem to be the most important causes of early implant failure. Early signs of infection may be an indication of a much more critical result than if the same complications occur later, because of disturbance of the primary bone healing process. Occlusal overload and periimplantitis seem to be the most important factors associated with late failure. Suboptimal implant design and improper prosthetic constructions are among those risk factors responsible for implant complications and failure. This concise review highlights the main causes associated with early and late implant failure, as thorough knowledge of this unavoidable clinical fact is essential in the field of oral implantology.

The possible occurrence of implant failure is a major concern for implantologists and knowledge in such unavoidable fact is clinically essential. Periimplantitis is an inflammatory response in which there is a loss of the bony support of the implant. Diagnosis is based on the clinical signs of infection such as hyperplastic soft tissues, suppuration, colour changes of the marginal peri-implant tissues and gradual bone loss. This site-specific infection may have many features in common with chronic adult periodontitis. Surgical trauma, micromotion and overload are also considered to be associated with implant failures. The lack of osseointegration is generally distinguished by implant mobility and radiological radiolucency. Here, the implant is considered to be failed . Progressive marginal bone loss without marked mobility is referring to a failing implant. The purpose of this concise review was to discuss the implant complications and failure by highlighting the major etiologic factors as well as the parameters used for evaluating such failure.

This article subscribes to the initial condition of bone quality and its ultimate effect on the success of dental implant treatment. A high success rate for the preservation of the alveolar bone around oral implants is predicated on good bone quality. For implantologists, the classification of bone quality should be based on the key elements required for osseointegration. These include structural morphology and cellular characteristics such as monocytes/macrophages, mesenchymal progenitor cells, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, and cells associated with angiogenesis.

Background and aims: The long duration of orthodontic treatment is a major patients' concern. A noninvasive method of accelerating tooth movement in a physiological manner is needed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Er:YAG laser application during orthodontic treatment of deep bite and to evaluate its analgesic effect during that movement. Materials and methods: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) was performed on 30 patients with deep bite. Sample was divided into two groups: (A), 15 patients (orthodontic treatment-control group) and (B), 15 patients (orthodontic treatment and Er:YAG Laser-laser group). The tooth movement was evaluated as the primary outcome variable by measuring angular and linear changes on three progress lateral cephalometeric radiographs (T1, T2 and T3); Lateral cephalograms were taken before treatment (T1), immediately after finishing the stage of leveling and alignment (T2) and after completion of the intrusion stage (T3). Laser parameters were 400 mJ/10 Hz/4 W and 400 mJ/15 Hz/6 W, depending on the handpiece used. The levels of pain and discomfort were evaluated and ranked according to a visual analog scale. Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were used to detect significant differences. Results: The main findings of the treatment were (1) significant positive difference in the rates of tooth intrusion movement on the experimental group compared with the control group at the baseline to T2 and T3 interval and the tooth movement rate was approximately 3 times faster in the experimental group. (2) The pain score in the experimental group was significantly lower compared with the control group on day 3 as on day 7. Conclusions: The application of Er:YAG laser is an effective mean to speed orthodontic tooth movement with a significant reduction in pain and discomfort after application.

Clinical research is conducted according to a plan (a protocol) or an action plan. The protocol demonstrates the guidelines for conducting the trial. It illustrates what will be made in the study by explaining each essential part of it and how it is carried out. It also describes the eligibility of the participants, the length of the study, the medications and the related tests.A protocol is directed by a chief researcher. The health of the participants' will be regularly checked by members of the research team to ultimately ensure the study's safety and effectiveness. Purpose of a Research Proposal[ ABstRActWriting a research proposal is probably one of the most challenging and difficult task as research is a new area for the majority of postgraduates and new researchers. The purpose of this article is to summarize the most important steps and necessary guidelines for producing a standard research protocol. Academic and administrative success of any project is usually determined by acquiring a grant for the related field of research. Hence, the quality of a protocol is primarily required to achieve success in this scientific competition.[table/ Fig-1]: Aims of the protocol.[table/ Fig-3]: The components of the protocol. Aims 1)To raise the question to be researched and clarify its importance.2) To collect existing knowledge and discuss the efforts of other researchers who have worked on the related questions (Literature review). 3) To formulate a hypothesis and objectives. 4) To clarify ethical considerations. 5) To suggest the methodology required for solving the question and achieving the objectives. 6) To discuss the requirements and limitations in achieving the objectives. BenefitsAllows the researcher to plan and review the project's steps. Serves as a guide throughout the research. Forces time and budget estimates.The key points of the proposal should include justification for the need of the project and a detailed plan for the investigation [1,2]: