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The purpose of this study has focused on what kind of impact rewards and supervisor support has on turnover intentions that had been developed by university lecturers and how affective commitment plays a mediating role in the reduction of turnover intentions by university lecturers in universities of Islamabad. The quantitative technique was used to collect data from a sample of 278 university lecturers of both public and private universities in Islamabad through close-ended questionnaires. Stratified simple random sampling technique was implemented in this study. The data was analyzed through correlation and regression analysis while using SPSS. For mediation, the Preacher and Hayes Test has been used to check the mediation effect of affective commitment between independent and dependent variables used in this study. Findings show that rewards and supervisor support played a pivotal role in the reduction of turnover intentions among lecturers and developed a stronger level of affective commitment for their respective universities.

The research paper studies the causal link between gross domestic product, gross fixed-capital formations, exchange rate, and trade deficits in Pakistan from 1986 to 2013 with time serial data. ADF and Phillip Perron tests are recycled for stationary and at the first difference, each variable is unified. According to the Johansen Co-integration test, the presence of longer-term Co-integration among variables is displayed, and the Error Correction model expresses that 49.27 % of short-term uncertainty is adjusted in long-term equilibrium. Moreover, the Granger causality test presented causality among the variables. While the conclusion showed that such variables have unidirectional causation. Keywords: Trade Deficit, Exchange Rate, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Gross Domestic Product, ADF, Phillip Perron, Johansen Co-integration, Error Correction model, & Granger Causality test.

Purpose: Population is an important factor which plays a double role in the economic development of Pakistan. From one side it is related to labor force. The larger size of the population has to produce more amount of the labor force. When resources are presented in sufficient amount, then labor force can become beneficial to economic development.  From the other side, the labor cannot produce anything alone, if resources are in scarce amount the afterwards larger workforce can become the obstacle to economic growth and development of Pakistan. There is a different opinion about the population growth and economic development. Some viewer says it is a real problem while the other says it is not an actual and real problem. On the basis of these views in this paper studied the population growth impact on development of Pakistan economy. Methodology: The study used secondary data by reviewing existing literature. Findings: It is found that high population creates so many economic, social, environmental, and sociological problem which adversely affect the economic growth and development of Pakistan. The study also revealed that the relationship between high populations and economic development could be satisfied only when the population and resources are increasing at the same rate and all the resources are to be utilized at full capacity, effective and competent method through the expert, and capable human resources in the countries like Pakistan. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that the government should be well aware of the problem of population growth and make efforts to control through various population welfare programs like Family Welfare Centre, Mobile Service Units and Training Centers. These are significantly contribution in controlling population growth rate, fertility rate, maternal and infant mortality rate.

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