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Exercise could also result to reductions in obesity and oxidative stress and a modulation of immune responses in prostate cancer patients. 15 Exercise causes reductions in circulating levels of testosterone and insulin-like growth factors 16,17 therefore reducing the development and spread of neoplastic cells. Apart from exercise, testosterone levels are controlled by diet, 18 and this may contribute to variances in exercise response among various populations. 19 The aim of this review was to evaluate the association between physical activity and prostate cancer. In this review, we outlined relevant studies concerned about exercise-mediated changes in prostatic growth and progression from 1980 to 2018. These mediated changes are linked to the role of consistent physical activity in improving the quality of life, physical fitness and averting the progression of prostate cancer among individuals diagnosed of prostate cancer. Methods Search strategy We searched for studies that reported on exercise-mediated changes in the prostatic tumour risk and progression from 1980 to 2018. The following electronic databases was used: PubMed, Science

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Background: Occupational exposure plays a huge role in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevalence of kidney cancer (KCa) and bladder cancer (BCa) worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the association between occupational exposure and risk of KCa and BCa. Method: We identified peer-reviewed articles published in English by searching PubMed, Embase, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and Cochrane databases. We selected articles published between January 2018 to May 2019. We summed up all relative risk estimates to ensure accuracy, comprehensiveness and maximize statistical power given the low absolute occupational risk of KCa, occupational risk of BCa and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). We reported this systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and metaanalyses (PRISMA) checklist. Quantitative analyzes was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3 (Biostat, Inc, Englewood, New Jersey, USA). Results:We found no significant association between occupational exposure and KCa (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.94-1.34), but there was a significant association between occupational exposure and BCa (OR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.44-1.75). Conclusion:From the result of our qualitative and quantitative analysis there was no significant association between occupational exposure and KCa whereas there was a significant association between occupational exposure and BCa.

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