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Nonpolar crystal orientation showed a positive effect on the chemical bonding states of nitrogen-doped ZnO (ZnO:N) for attaining p-type conductivity. Remote-plasma-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (RPE-MOCVD) was used to grow nonpolar-and polar-orientated films on R-plane and a-plane sapphires, respectively. Non-polar orientation permitted nitrogen doping as the acceptor mode with lesser donor complexes giving p-type conductivity in both as-grown and annealed conditions. Carbon complexes (C with O) were observed in both orientations with lower binding energy in the nonpolar orientation showing weak complexes in the nonpolar mode. The difference in the mechanism of nitrogen incorporation depending on nonpolar-and polar-oriented growths was explained.

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The consolidation of different polymeric bioconstituents was clearly observed in briquetted biofuel produced from pigeon pea crop residues. Critical thermogravimetric diagnosis showed that the scattering of tail end segments of thermograms taken at different heating rates was remarkably low in briquetted biofuel as compared to the scattering in raw material. The consolidation of polymeric cellulose and lignin was discussed and explained. Kinetics was evaluated using isoconversional integral Ozawa−Flynn−Wall method. The activation energy profile of briquetted biofuel dominated over the raw pigeon pea stalks showing higher thermal stability, which was evidence, positive toward the consolidation of intrinsic biopolymers due to briquetting process.