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This study aims to determine the results of the validity and effectiveness of the textbooks. The research used is the research and development research of the Borg and Gall model with 10 stages of research, namely preliminary research, planning and development, initial product design development, product validation, initial product revision, use trials, product development revisions, effectiveness trials, final product, dissemination. The results of data analysis for sixth grade students at SDN 1 Grajagan, SDN 4 Grajagan, and SDN 8 Grajagan during validation showed the average percentage of validity was 91.72 percent so that it was in the very valid category. The effectiveness of the product is seen based on student responses and learning outcomes tests. The results of the data during the limited trial showed a positive response to the product by 88.4 percent. Meanwhile, the results of the product effectiveness trial at SDN 1 Grajagan, SDN 4 Grajagan, SDN 8 Grajagan were 80 percent, 72.22 percent, 90 percent respectively. This shows that Augmented Reality (AR) based textbooks are very feasible and effective to use when learning. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hasil validitas dan efektivitas dari buku ajar yang dikembangkan. Penelitian yang digunakan ialah penelitian pengembangan Research and Development model Borg and Gall dengan 10 tahapan penelitian, yaitu penelitian pendahuluan, perencanaan dan pengembangan, pengembangan desain produk awal, validasi produk, revisi produk awal, uji coba penggunaan, revisi produk pengembangan, uji coba keefektifan, produk final, Dissemination. Hasil analisis data siswa kelas VI SDN 1 Grajagan, SDN 4 Grajagan, dan SDN 8 Grajagan saat validasi menunjukkan persentase rata-rata tingkat kevalidan sebesar 91,72 persen sehingga masuk kategori sangat valid. Keefektifan produk dilihat berdasarkan respons siswa dan tes hasil belajar. Hasil data saat uji coba terbatas menunjukkan respons positif terhadap produk sebesar 88.4 persen. Sedangkan hasil uji coba keefektifan produk di SDN 1 Grajagan, SDN 4 Grajagan, SDN 8 Grajagan secara berturut-turut ialah 80 persen, 72,22 persen, 90 persen. Hal tersebut menunjukkan buku ajar berbasis Augmented Reality (AR) sangat layak dan efektif digunakan saat pembelajaran.

Structural modification of DNA were induced by X-irradiation of crude hepatic nuclei at various dose ranges to standardize DNA damage evaluated by the alkaline elution technique. This quantitative assay can be used as reference for DNA damage induced by the in vivo administration of mutagens and/or carcinogens involved in the environment.

<p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dasar pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam putusan nomor 39/Pid.B/2019/PN.Byl dan putusan nomor 181/Pid.B/2020/PN.Skh yang menimbulkan disparitas pidana terhadap pelaku pembunuhan berencana. pembunuhan, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya disparitas pidana tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang perskriptif dan terapan. Pendekatan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kasus. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan sekunder dengan menggunakan studi literatur. Teknik analisis bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode silogisme dalam menganalisis pola pikir deduktif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam kedua putusan tersebut terdapat disparitas pidana dalam pertimbangan putusan hakim terhadap kedua pelaku yang sama-sama melakukan tindak pidana pembunuhan berencana. Faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya disparitas pidana adalah faktor-faktor yang memberatkan dan meringankan, latar belakang perbuatan terdakwa, akibat perbuatan terdakwa, tujuan pemidanaan, dan sikap terdakwa di persidangan. </p><p>Kata kunci: Disparitas kriminal; Pembunuhan berencana; Pertimbangan putusan hakim</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This research is aimed o determine the basic of the judge’s legal considerations in the verdict number 39/Pid.B/2019/PN.Byl and verdict number 181/Pid.B/2020/PN.Skh that cause criminal disparities against perpetrators of premeditated murder, as well as the factors that influence the occurrence of these criminal disparities. This research is a perscriptive and applied normative legal research. The approach of this research is using case approach. Sources of legal materials used are the primary and secondary legal materials using literature studies. The legal materials analysis technique in this research uses syllogism method in analyzing the deductive mindset. The result of this research shows that in these two decisions there is a criminal disparity in the consideration of the judge’s decision against the two perpetrators who both committed the crime of premeditated murder. The factors that cause the criminal disparity are aggravating and allevating factors, the background of the defendant’s actions, the consequences of the defendant’s actions, the purpose of punishment, and the defendant’s attitude at court.</p><p>Keywords: criminal disparity; premeditated murder; considerations of judges’s decision  </p>