Back ground: Nursing care for mechanically ventilated patients is an integral part of changing the rate of ventilator associated infections in the intensive care units, also the time of depending on mechanical ventilator. Aim: This study aimed to assess nursing performance toward infection control measures for mechanically ventilated patients. Design: A descriptive explorative design was utilized for the conduction of this study. Setting: this study was conducted in intensive care units at emergency hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University. Study subject: A purposive sample of 60 nurses who provide direct care for mechanically ventilated patients were included. Three tools were used for data collection Tools: (I) -Self -administration questionnaire, (II) nurses' practice observational checklist, (Ш) nurses' attitude questionnaire. Results: revealed that, 47% of studied nurses had satisfactory knowledge, while 58.3% of them had unsatisfactory level of practices. Also, 65% of the studied nurses had positive attitude toward infection control measures for mechanically ventilated patients. Recommendations: further researches are recommended to evaluate nurse's performance regarding infection control measures for mechanically ventilated patients.

Background : Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure which consists of making an opening direct to airway through an incision in the trachea. The most common indications for tracheostomy are acute respiratory failure and need for prolonged mechanical ventilation representing two thirds of all cases and traumatic or catastrophic neurologic insult requiring airway, or mechanical ventilation or both. Nursing staff must be understand the immediate postoperative and long-term management of patients with tracheostomy to provide safe and competent care for these patients. Aim: This study aimed to assess nurses' performance regarding care of patients with tracheosotmy. Design: A descriptive design was utilized for the conduction of this study. Setting: the study was carried in general intensive care unit, which is affiliated to Sohag University hospital. Subjects: A convenience sample of all the available staff nurses of (50) nurses working in general intensive care unit.Tools: Three tools, nurses ' self-administered questionnaire,, nurses' practice observational checklist and nurses' attitude questionnaire. Result: The studied nurses were having unsatisfactory total level of knowledge regarding care of patients with tracheostomy, unsatisfactory level of practice and had negative attitude regarding care of patients with tracheostomy. Conclusion: There were unsatisfactory level of performance among nurses under the study. Recommendations: The study should be replicated on large sample and in different hospitals setting in order to generalize the results.

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Background: In locally advanced and metastatic urinary bladder carcinoma, palliative radiation therapy aims to palliate symptoms with acceptable toxicity. Objective: Evaluation of the role of low dose short hypofractionated radiotherapy in improving symptoms of bladder cancer indefinitely, as long as it does not cause unacceptable toxicity. Patients and Methods: From July 2018 to July 2020, 24 patients with advanced bladder cancer were included in a trial at Zagazig University Hospitals' Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine Department. All patients received a total dose of 21Gy of conformal radiation (7 Gy/fraction in 3 fractions, a fraction every other day over one week). Results: There was statistically significant improvement in haematuria symptoms among the studied patients. Also, there were no statistically significant changes in bowel frequency symptoms, diarrhea symptoms and bleeding symptoms. There were no significant changes in symptoms at 3-month assessment compared to end of treatment assessment while there was increase in percent of patients with symptomatic improvements especially in haematuria, dysuria and nocturia symptoms. Conclusion: Low dose hypofractionated radiation therapy protocol showed effective palliation of urinary symptoms with an acceptable toxicity.

Background: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is an a major public health concern and important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; with an estimated annual incidence in developed countries 1 to 2 per 1,000 people each year. The study aimed to assess risk factors for deep venous thrombosis among patients admitted to vascular unit through Assessing patients' demographic characteristics, patients' educational needs regarding DVT and risk factors that lead to developing of DVT. Study design: a descriptive exploratory design was be utilized. Setting: this study was conducted at vascular surgical unit of Sohag university hospitals. Subjects: A purposive sample of 75 Patients with DVT were be recruited in the study. Tools of data collection: (1) patient structured interview questionnaire & (2) DVT risk factor assessment Tool. Results: More than half of the studied patients had unsatisfactory level of knowledge towards risk factors for DVT. Major of the studied patients had immobility, fracture, obesity, stroke, malignancy and chemotherapy as risk factors for DVT. There was a significant relation between risk assessment scale for DVT with total knowledge, patients' habits, age, gender, past medical &surgical history and body mass index of the studied patients Conclusion: There were many risk factors for DVT incidence, the most common risk factors related to patients daily habits. While family history and activity of daily living related factors were the least common risk factors. It was concluded that taking oral contraceptive pills were considered significant risk factor for DVT among female studied patients. There was a significant positive correlation between educational level and patients' total knowledge regarding DVT .Recommendation: Designing educational program for patients with DVT to improve their knowledge regarding risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and its potential associated complications with submission of educational handouts, posters, booklets and brochures.