Of the 80 cases there were 24 females and 56 males with a mean age of 56 years (range 29-80 years). Twenty cases subsequently transformed to a squamous cell carcinoma. For each Ki67 score (0-4), the rate of malignant transformation was: 0, 1 of 6 patients (17%); 1, 7 of 33 patients (21%); 2, 5 of 22 patients (23%); 3, 4 of 13 patients (31%); and 4, 3 of 6 patients (50%). A higher Ki67 score seemed to correlate with a higher likelihood of malignant transformation but this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.17, Pearson chi(2) test). Considering a score of 3 or 4 as positive for predicting malignant transformation produced a test of relatively high specificity (80%) but poor sensitivity (35%).

Background:- Colorectal carcinoma is the most common cancer after the breast cancer in female and bronchus cancer in male. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene, approximately half of colorectal cancers present mutation in p53 gene.Objectives:- To determine the frequency and the pattern of p53expression in colorectal carcinoma by immunohistochemical technique and to correlate this expression with different clinicopathological parameters.Materials and methods:-Thirty cases of colorectal carcinoma were included in this study, these cases were diagnosed in private pathology laboratories in Baghdad / Iraq from January 2015 to Jaune 2015. Clinicopathological parameters such as age , gender , pathological diagnosis , including the tumor site , lymph nodes status , grade and stage of tumor were taken from patients files.Sections of 4μm stained by hematoxylen and eosin stain and immunohistochemical stained for p53.Results: Nineteen (63.3%) of the cases were males, 11(36.7%) cases were females, with age distribution ranging from (39-89) years with a mean age of 56.5 years . Ten cases(33.3%) located in the cecum , 3(10%)cases from each right colon , sigmoid 8 (26.7%) cases were from left colon and 6(20%) cases were from the rectum. Histologically the tumor grade range from moderately differentiated in 27 (90%) cases, and poorly differentiated in 3 (10%) cases. Regarding pathological staging (TNM system),2 (6.7%) cases were T2 ,24 (80%) were T3 , 4(13.3%) cases were T4. Lymph node involvement found in 14(46.7%) cases, and distant metastasis was found in 3(10%) cases. P53 expression was present in 11(36.7 %) cases, were distributed as follows:- weak in 1(3.3%) case,moderat in 3(10%) and marked in 7(23.4%) cases. There was no correlation between p53 expression and the clinicopathological parameters age , sex , histopathological grade, location , lymph nodes status and tumor stage.Conclusion: There was no significant statistical correlation between P53 expression by tumor and different clinicopathological parameters in this study

Introduction: Ampullary carcinomas are uncommon malignant tumours of the digestive system, they usually are adenocarcinomas presenting histologically as three types: intestinal, pancreaticobiliary and mixed. β-catenin is a multifunctional protein involved in physiological homoeostasis and intracellular adhesion. Abnormal nuclear accumulation of β-catenin has been described in many malignancies such as colon, breast, liver and others. The relationships between the immunohistochemical expression of β-catenin and the subtype, the grade and the stage of ampullary carcinoma are studied. Material and methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was done on 25 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of ampullary carcinoma: Cases were collected from the archives of the pathology department in the Gastroenterology and hepatology teaching hospital, medical city/ Baghdad from January 2019 to March 2022. The data of the patients and the characteristics of the tumour were derived from the pathological reports; additional sections from the block were stained with β-catenin immunohistochemically. Results: 25 paraffin blocks from patients with ampullary carcinoma (12 males, 13 females) were included in the study. 64% of the cases are classified as pancreaticobiliary, 20% as mixed, 12% as intestinal and 4% as adenosquamous type. Eighty-four percent of the cases are moderately differentiated, and the remaining is poorly differentiated. Most cases show strong β-catenin membranous staining and 80% express 3+ staining of cytoplasmic β-catenin. Regarding nuclear β-catenin staining, 56% has negative staining. Conclusion: No significant association was found between the cytoplasmic and the nuclear expression of β-catenin and the tumour type, size and lymph node status. The grade of the tumour showed a significant correlation with the cytoplasmic expression; while, no correlation was noted with the nuclear expression. This study results do not support the use of beta-catenin as a diagnostic marker or prognostic marker in ampullary cancers.

Background: Caudal-related home box gene two (CDX2) is home box domain containing transcription factor that is important in the development and differentiation of the intestine. Aim of the study: to examine the expression of Caudal-related home box gene two in a series of colorectal and gastric adeno carcinomas, and correlate its expression with different clinic pathological parameters including: tumor type grade stage and compare its expression between the two malignancies. Material and Method: this is a retrospective study of a total of fifty cases including twenty five cases of colorectal carcinomas and twenty five cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were collected from the histopathology laboratory department of gastroenterology and hepatology teaching in Baghdad (from January 2021 to January 2022); slides were prepared from paraffin blocks and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for histopathological revision and others were stained immunohistochemically with CDX2, CDX2 expression was semi-quantitatively scored. Correlation between clinic pathological parameters and CDX2 expression was done. Results: Regarding the twenty-five cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma: age range was (45-85) years,15 (60%) of cases were males, 10 (40%) of them were females, most common cases 23 (92%) were grade 2, and most common 18 (72%) of the cases were stage T3, most common cases 16 (64%) cases had no lymph node involvement (N0), all the cases showed positivity for or CDX2,17 (68%) of cases had CDX2 score (3) while 8 (32%) of them had CDX2 score (2). Regarding the twenty five cases of gastric adenocarcinoma: age range was (24-69) years,17 (68%) of were males, 8 (32%) of them were females, most common 14 (56%) of the cases were grade (2), and most common stage 20 (80%) of the cases were stage T3,most common cases 7 (28%) had no lymph node involvement (N0), most 15 (60%) of the cases showed positivity for or CDX2, 9 (36%) of cases had CDX2 score (1), 5 (20%) of cases showed score (2),1 (4%) of cases showed score (3), while 10 (40%) of the cases were negative for CDX2 (score 0). Conclusion: CDX2 marker is already proven as highly sensitive in colorectal adenocarcinoma. There was a significant correlation between CDX2 score and the site of the tumor (colorectal versus gastric).

Background:-Colorectal carcinoma is the most common cancer after the breast cancer in female and bronchus cancer in male. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene, approximately half of colorectal cancers present mutation in p53 gene. Objectives:-To determine the frequency and the pattern of p53expression in colorectal carcinoma by immunohistochemical technique and to correlate this expression with different clinicopathological parameters. Materials and methods:-Thirty cases of colorectal carcinoma were included in this study, these cases were diagnosed in private pathology laboratories in Baghdad / Iraq from January 2015 to Jaune 2015. Clinicopathological parameters such as age , gender , pathological diagnosis , including the tumor site , lymph nodes status , grade and stage of tumor were taken from patients files.Sections of 4µm stained by hematoxylen and eosin stain and immunohistochemical stained for p53. Results: Nineteen (63.3%) of the cases were males, 11(36.7%) cases were females, with age distribution ranging from (39-89) years with a mean age of 56.5 years. Ten cases(33.3%) located in the cecum , 3(10%) cases from each right colon , sigmoid 8 (26.7%) cases were from left colon and 6(20%) cases were from the rectum. Histologically the tumor grade range from moderately differentiated in 27 (90%) cases, and poorly differentiated in 3 (10%) cases. Regarding pathological staging (TNM system),2 (6.7%) cases were T2 ,24 (80%) were T3 , 4(13.3%) cases were T4. Lymph node involvement found in 14(46.7%) cases, and distant metastasis was found in 3(10%) cases. P53 expression was present in 11(36.7 %) cases, were distributed as follows:-weak in 1(3.3%) case,moderat in 3(10%) and marked in 7(23.4%) cases. There was no correlation between p53 expression and the clinicopathological parameters age , sex , histopathological grade, location , lymph nodes status and tumor stage. Conclusion: There was no significant statistical correlation between P53 expression by tumor and different clinicopathological parameters in this study.