Suele sostenerse que el regreso de Bradley admite solución dentro de una ontología de tropos. Esto pareciera suceder cuando a un cúmulo se le entiende como constituido por tropos no transferibles. También pareciera suceder cuando uncúmulo es entendido como constituido por tropos transferibles relacionados por un tropo relacional de copresencia cuya existencia dependa específicamente de dichos relata. En este artículo demuestro que estas propuestas no se hacen cargo de la cuestión esencial que subyace al regreso, cayendo en una petición de principio ya anticipada por Bradley.
Metaphysicians still discuss about the number of things. According to monists, there is one thing, either fundamental (Priority Monism) or exclusionary (Existence Monism). According to pluralists, there are many things, either fundamental (Priority Pluralism) or exclusionary (Existence Pluralism). The claims of cardinality of these views are, presumably, metaphysical claims, which means, presumably, that they are necessarily true, if true at all. In this paper, I unravel a common pattern of some of the main arguments used by the parties involved and challenge their assumptions. By doing this, I intend to show that those arguments are all equally impotent to settle the question about the number of things because their conclusions are not necessary truths as they are meant to be. These views, at the very most, can be presented and defended as consistent ways of saying how many things, apparently, might be. RESUMOMetafísicos ainda discutem sobre o número das coisas. De acordo com os monistas, há uma coisa, seja fundamental (Monismo Prioritário) ou excludente (Monismo de Existência). De acordo com os pluralistas, há muitas coisas, seja fundamental (Pluralismo Prioritário) ou excludente (Pluralismo de Existência). As alegações de cardinalidade dessas visões são, presumivelmente, afirmações metafísicas, o que significa, presumivelmente, que el as são necessariamente verdadeiras, se são verdadeiras. Neste artigo, desvelo um padrão comum de alguns dos principais argumentos usados pelas partes envolvidas e questiono suas suposições. Ao fazer isso, pretendo mostrar que esses argumentos são igualmente impotentes para resolver a questão sobre o número das coisas, porque suas conclusões não são verdades necessárias como pretendem ser. Essas visões, no máximo, podem ser apresentadas e defendidas como formas consistentes de dizer quantas coisas, aparentemente, podem ser.Palavras-chave: cardinalidade, fundamentalidade, existência, monismo, pluralismo, niilismo. 1 I am grateful to two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions. This paper was written as part of my research project Fondecyt-Iniciación 11160724 (Conicyt, Chile).
In this article I attempt to give an account of the thesis according to which composition is identity and of the criticisms that might be formulated against it. According to a weak version of the thesis, composition, in virtue of being analogous in important respects to identity, is as ontologically innocent as identity. According to the strong version of the thesis, composition is literally a species of the generic relation of identity, and is as ontologically innocent as any species of identity. As we will see, the weak version begs the question or incurs in a non sequitur; and the strong version is incoherent and faces a dilemma. Thus, composition is not identity: one thing cannot be identical to many things.
ResumenLa metafísica de la Superveniencia Humeana ha sido atacada por dos alternativas explícitamente anti-Humeanas: el Realismo Nómico y el Esencialismo Disposicional. Cada una de estas alternativas ofrece una explicación ontológica de la actual distribución de instanciaciones de primer orden. Ambas sostienen, contra el Humeano, que esta distribución no es un accidente metafísico. En este artículo argumento que las explicaciones ofrecidas por ellas son ilusorias.Palabras clave: Superveniencia Humeana, Realismo Nómico, Esencialismo Disposicional, Leyes de la naturaleza, Causalidad, Disposiciones. AbstractThe metaphysics of Humean Supervenience has been attacked by two explicitly antiHumean alternatives: Nomic Realism and Dispositional Essentialism. Each one of these alternatives offers an ontological explanation of the actual distribution of first-order instantiations. They both claim, against the Humean, that this distribution is not a metaphysical accident. In this paper, I argue that the explanations offered by them are illusory.Key words: Humean Supervenience, Nomic Realism, Dispositional Essentialism, Laws of nature, Causation, Dispositions.En el presente artículo se presenta una crítica a dos metafísicas de la naturaleza que se presentan a sí mismas como alternativas superiores a la metafísica de la Superveniencia Humeana defendida por David Lewis. Dichas alternativas antiHumeanas son el Realismo Nómico y el Esencialismo Disposicional. Cada una nos promete una explicación ontológica de la actual distribución de instanciaciones de primer orden. Contra el Humeano, consideran que esta distribución no sería un mero accidente metafísico, puesto que tendría fundamento en algún ingrediente del mundo. De acuerdo con mi argumento, ninguna de estas dos alternativas es internamente coherente, y el remedio que ofrecen es solo aparente. Su fracaso radica en un error común: ambas estrategias abren un abismo entre dos niveles ontológicos, y ambas fallan en explicar cómo es que un nivel ejerce constreñimiento nómico sobre el otro.
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