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Testicular torsion is one of the urologic emergencies occurring frequently in neonatal and adolescent period. Testis is sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion injury, and, therefore, ischemia and consecutive reperfusion cause an enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species that result in testicular cell damage and apoptosis. α-lipoic acid is a free radical scavenger and a biological antioxidant. It is widely used in the prevention of oxidative stress and cellular damage. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of α-lipoic acid on testicular damage in rats subjected to testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury. 35 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, sham operated, ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion, and ischemia-reperfusion +lipoic acid groups, 2 h torsion and 2 h detorsion of the testis were performed. Testicular cell damage was examined by H-E staining. TUNEL and active caspase-3 immunostaining were used to detect germ cell apoptosis. GPx , SOD activity, and MDA levels were evaluated. Histological evaluation showed that α-lipoic acid pretreatment reduced testicular cell damage and decreased TUNEL and caspase-3-positive cells. Additionally, α-lipoic acid administration decreased the GPx and SOD activity and increased the MDA levels. The present results suggest that LA is a potentially beneficial agent in protecting testicular I/R in rats.

This study aimed to develop a suitable buccal mucoadhesive nanoparticle (NP) formulation containing fluconazole for the local treatment of oral candidiasis. The suitability of the prepared formulations was assessed by means of particle size (PS), polydispersity index, and zeta potential measurements, morphology analysis, mucoadhesion studies, drug entrapment efficiency (EE), in vitro drug release, and stability studies. Based on the optimum NP formulation, ex vivo drug diffusion and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed. Besides, evaluation of the antifungal effect of the optimum formulation was evaluated using agar diffusion method, fungicidal activity-related in vitro release study, and time-dependent fungicidal activity. The effect of the optimum NP formulation on the healing of oral candidiasis was investigated in an animal model, which was employed for the first time in this study. The zeta potential, mucoadhesion, and in vitro drug release studies of various NP formulations revealed that chitosan-coated NP formulation containing EUDRAGIT ® RS 2.5% had superior properties than other formulations. Concerning the stability study of the selected formulation, the formulation was found to be stable for 6 months. During the ex vivo drug diffusion study, no drug was found in receptor phase, and this is an indication of local effect. The in vitro antifungal activity studies showed the in vitro efficacy of the NP against Candida albicans for an extended period. Also, the formulation had no cytotoxic effect at the tested concentration. For the in vivo experiments, infected rabbits were successfully treated with local administration of the optimum NP formulation once a day. This study has shown that the mucoadhesive NP formulation containing fluconazole is a promising candidate with once-a-day application for the local treatment of oral candidiasis.

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Aim:To develop a suitable buccal bioadhesive gel formulation containing cyclosporine A solid lipid nanoparticles (CsA SLNs) for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Methods: The suitability of the prepared formulations for buccal application was assessed by means of rheological studies, textural profile analysis, and ex vivo drug-release studies. Plastic flows, typical gel-like spectra, and suitable mechanical properties were obtained from prepared formulations. The retention time was explored in in vivo distribution studies and the effect of the gel containing CsA SLNs on the healing of oral mucosal ulceration was investigated in an animal model. In vivo distribution studies are a very important indicator of the retention time of formulations at the application site. Results: Distribution studies showed that 64.76% ± 8.35% of the formulation coded "F8+SLN" remained on the buccal mucosa 6 hours after application. For the second part of the in vivo experiments, 36 rabbits were separated into three groups: the first group was treated with the gel formulation without the active agent; the second group with the gel formulation containing CsA SLNs; and the third group, used as the control group, received no treatment. Wound healing was established by scoring of the rate of wound healing on Days 3, 6, 9, and 12. Histological observations were made on the same days as the scoring studies. The bioadhesive gel formulation that included CsA SLNs increased the rate of mucosal repair significantly. Conclusion: This study has shown that the bioadhesive gel formulation containing CsA SLNs reported here is a promising candidate for the topical treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.