Neredeyse tüm insan hücrelerinde bulunan mitokondri, çekirdek haricinde DNA içeren tek organeldir. Mitokondriyal gen defektleri semptomları ve şiddeti değişen çeşitli hastalık ve sendromlara neden olur. Mitokondriyal hastalıklarda bugün için kesin, küratif bir tedavi yoktur. Bu hastalıklarda dönüm noktası, 2008 yılında gündeme gelen "mitokondri değiştirme terapisi" olmuştur. Bu yöntemle dünyaya gelen bebekler (daha yaygın tabirle "üç ebeveynli bebekler") üremeye yardımcı teknolojiler ve de iki kadının ve bir erkeğin genetik materyalleri kullanılarak elde edilen bebeklerdir. Bu çalışmada mitokondri değiştirme terapisi tıbbi, etik ve hukuki yönlerden ele alınmıştır.

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The uterus is the reproductive organ where the embryo formed by the fertilization of the sperm and egg settles and continues its development until birth. Absolute uterine factor infertility affects 3% to 5% of infertile women of reproductive age globally. With the transition of uterus transplantation from experimental studies to clinical trials and starting to have babies in this way, uterus transplantation offers a solution that can enable these women to have children genetically on their own and grow them in their wombs. Uterine transplant is a procedure that combines both assisted reproductive technology and organ transplantation due to the necessity of in vitro fertilization and embryo freezing pre-procedure and thus represents a new level of cooperation between the two. With the transition of uterus transplantation from an experimental clinical procedure to clinical trials and its positive early results, ethical discussions applicable to each of the stakeholders in this study will be reviewed with bioethical principles and major theories. Uterine transplants are not life-saving, but life-enhancing transplants. In this context, uterus transplantation is accepted as a type of composite tissue transplantation included in the Organ and Tissue Transplant Services Regulation. However, uterus transplantation is also different from composite tissue transplantations in which it is included. By the definition of "donor" in the Composite Tissue Transplant Centers Directive in the Turkish legal system, it is accepted that living persons cannot be obliged to donate composite tissue. In this case, it is concluded that uterus transplantation is also included in the scope of composite tissue, and according to our legal order, it can only be done from a dead donor. In addition, in the Composite Tissue Transplantation Directive, uterine transplantation is not mentioned among the medical indications for such transplantations. Even this legal uncertainty points out that uterus transplants should be handled with a separate arrangement from the composite tissue transplant umbrella.

Throughout its history, the Ottoman Empire has been subjected to many epidemics and its social-economic effects. However, a systematic quarantine application was not applied in this struggle until the end of the Ottoman classical period. Although this appears to have religious reasons, the plague at the beginning of the 19th century and the cholera pandemic, which occurred almost simultaneously, have been a turning point in the fight against epidemics. We see that the foundations of the institutional structure of the quarantine organization were laid and a board was formed within the modernization reforms that included the field of health during the reign of Sultan Mahmoud II. Then, during the reign of Sultan Abdulmecid, permanent participation of representatives of the western state, including voting rights, took place in this Council, which described the borders of the Ottoman Empire as the gateway to epidemics. The increasing intervention of Western States has become a capitulation in the field of health, especially with the pointing of the Hejaz region in the spread of cholera to Europe and the superiority of the number in the quarantine assembly. As a matter of fact, the Ottoman Empire, which participated in a series of international health conferences aimed at improving interstate cooperation in the fight against epidemics, will continue to be one of the central topics of discussion in these negotiations. In line with the decisions taken in these conferences, the Ottoman Empire also made the necessary arrangements in the legal order regarding sea and land quarantine practices. For this purpose, it has enacted a special penal code called Ceraim-i Sıhhiye, which is prepared to be applied to those who do not comply with quarantine measures, as well as the Quarantine Tariff to be taken from ships and goods.

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