Dibutyltin(IV) (2-methoxyethyl) methyldithiocarbamate (Compound 1) and tricyclohexyltin(IV) (2-methoxyethyl) methyldithiocarbamate (Compound 2) were used to evaluate their cytotoxicity against three human leukemic cell lines namely Jurkat E6.1, K562, and HL-60. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was assessed using MTT assay for treatment duration of 24 hours. The morphological changes were also observed upon the induction of these compounds with the IC 50 value for 24 hours. Both compounds demonstrated high cytotoxicity towards the cell lines tested, with IC 50 values of 0.14-1.30 µM (Jurkat E6.1), 0.06-0.18 µM (HL-60) and 5.20-5.40 µM (K562). The morphological changes of the cell lines induced by both compounds mostly showed characteristics of cell death via apoptosis. In conclusion, both compounds exhibited good cytotoxicity towards the cell lines tested. However, further studies are needed to identify the exact mode of cell death and the mechanisms of action of these compounds in induced human leukemic cell lines.

Natural catastrophes and disasters may cause the destruction of infrastructure and personal property. In order to reduce the effects of such tragedies, the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures is essential. Effective evacuation procedures, however, also depend on governance issues in addition to technical aspects like infrastructure and communication. This paper intends to review on how governance, and evacuation protocols relate to emergency preparedness and disaster management (DM). Thus, this study explores the use of agent-based and social force theory in developing evacuation simulation models that incorporate evacuation governance strategies. Practitioners and policymakers can better understand the elements that determine the effectiveness of evacuation procedures and create more efficient methods for disaster management and emergency response by modelling human behaviour in disaster circumstances. The policy is an illustration of how governance elements can be integrated into evacuation procedures and guidelines for effective DM. Thus, the expected result for this study emphasises the significance of governance for policymakers and practitioners in the execution of evacuation procedures.

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