Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the commonly used test for diagnosis of thyroid swellings. FNAC is a cost-effective procedure that provides specific diagnosis rapidly with minimal complications. Based on the cytology findings, patients can be subjected to surgery, thereby decreasing the rate of surgery and its consequent complications. Aims and Objective: Study is aimed to accuracy of FNAC in thyroid as compare with histopathology and classify various cytomorphological lesions of thyroid according to The Bethesda System for Reporting of Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). Material and Methods: This prospective study was done at our department from January 2013 to June 2015. Total 411 cases presented with thyroid swelling were subjected to thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and the smears were made followed by routine staining and reporting. The categorization according to the Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytology was done. The cytological diagnosis was correlated with the histological diagnosis wherever it was available. The accuracy of FNAC for the diagnosis of nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions was determined using histopathology as the gold standard. Results: Out of total 411 cases, 387 (94.16%) were benign, 15 (3.52%) were Follicular neoplasm, 7(1.70%) cases were malignant and 2 (0.48%) were inadequate. Most frequently encountered lesion was colloid goitre in 217 (52.79%) cases

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Introduction: Pharmacovigilance involves more than spontaneous reporting, and is more than just evaluating marketed medications. It has grown from a minor component of drug control to a major activity and expanded its scope to encompass the assistance for patient safety during clinical trials by ensuring adequate informed consent and institutional review boards (ethical committees); development of a safety profile for proper use of a new molecular entity and appropriate communication of that information to a range of relevant stakeholders; selection of the first safe dose for use in humans based on pharmacologic data obtained in animal studies; development of a safety profile. This study implicates the growth of pharmacovigilance in assessing the safety of drugs. Methods: The subsequent information was obtained by reviewing the data from earlier published material. The obtained information was evaluated, compiled, deconstructed, reassembled, interpreted, and conclusions were reached. Results: The supply of data necessary for assessing the advantages and dangers of medicines is, first and foremost, a scientific task. Good pharmacovigilance practice must be created to guarantee that data is gathered and used correctly for the intended purpose. Conclusion: Pharmacovigilance has grown into an essential part of drug control. Signal management protocols ensure that surveillance operations monitor the produced product through collaborative actions with manufacturing specialists, analyze benefit-risk management and inspection readiness maintenance as a corporate culture process.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an outbreak on a scale unseen in modern human history. More than two years after the outbreak began, there are 271 million fatalities and more than 5.32 million mortalities reported globally. Vaccination has been the most successful medical intervention in the last century to minimize mortality and suffering due to infectious illnesses. Only the discovery and dissemination of an effective vaccine will probably result at the end of this pandemic. Tremendous attempts have also been made to develop secure and convenient vaccinations. Vaccination is an efficient method of preventing viral illness, stopping its spread, and developing protective immunity. Improved understanding of protective immunity and significant advances in gene editing has enabled the development of a wide range of novel vaccines by manipulating sugars, RNA, proteins, and DNA. The development of attenuated mutants, the expression of prospective antigens in live vectors, and the purifying and direct production of antigens in novel systems have all greatly enhanced vaccination science. Several researchers have been working to assess the effectiveness and toxicity of potential vaccinations against new COVID-19. Furthermore, it is critical to assess the impact of immunization on the severity of illness. Vaccination is currently the most efficient method of regulating animal and human viral illnesses, either by avoiding fatality or drop in suffering. This review summaries several vaccinations developed by different countries. The details are taken and reviewed by a number of articles including research/review articles, systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The articles were selected randomly and different data was collected to present as a short review.

Healthy nails look smooth and have a uniform color. As people grow older, they may have vertical bumps, or their nails may become a little brittle, but this is harmless. Injury-related stains should expand with the fingernail. Abnormalities such as stains, discoloration, and nail peeling can be occurred by finger and hand injuries, viral warts, nail fungal disease, and several medications such as chemotherapeutic agents. Some other medical conditions can also change the physical appearance of fingernails. However, these differences can be hard to explain. The appearance of the nails alone is not enough to diagnose a particular illness. Doctors use this information in conjunction with other symptoms and physical examinations to make a diagnosis. Some changes to the nails can be due to a medical condition that requires attention. There can be several symptoms like changes in color, thickness, and shape of nails, brittle nails, hollow nails, bleeding around the nails, swelling and redness around the nail, pain around the nails, exfoliation of the fingernail from the skin. These changes in nails can be occurred due to several conditions. This review concentrates on each and every physical change observed in nails, physiological changes in body due to which these disorders occur and prevention to some common disorders.