AbstrakSurrogate Mother, ibu yang menyewakan rahimnya, adalah seorang wanita yang mengandung anak yang benihnya berasal dari pasangan lain dan setelah wanita tersebut melahirkan, maka wanita tersebut akan memberikan anak tersebut kepada pasangan darimana benih tersebut berasal. Artikel ini menguraikan kedudukan surrogacy agreement menurut Hukum perjanjian di Indonesia dan status hukum anak yang lahir dari surrogate mother, pengaturan pelaksanaan surrogate mother di beberapa negara sebagai perbandingan dan untuk memahami dan mengkaji perlunya pengaturan surrogate mother di Indonesia. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dan data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan yang dianalisis secara normatif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian bahwa Indonesia belum memiliki aturan yang spesifik mengenai surrogate mother, dalam pelaksanaan surrogate mother yang terkait dengan surrogacy agreement tidak dimungkinkan dilakukan di wilayah hukum Indonesia, status anak yang lahir dari surrogate mother dalam kaitan dengan pengaturan Undang-undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan, bahwa anak tersebut merupakan anak sah dari surrogate mother, bukan anak dari orang tua yang menitipkan benih di rahim surrogate mother. Banyaknya praktik yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat terkait dengan surrogate mother, maka perlu dibuat aturan sebagai panduan dalam pelaksanaan surrogate mother yang dimaksudkan untuk ketertiban dan kepastian hukum.

As a country with Pancasila as the philosophy, the first pillar is believing in God the One, therefore marriage is closely related to the issue of religion. Law number 1 in 1974 on Marriage stated that a marriage should be done by two people with the same religion and beliefs. Inter-religion marriage between Indonesian citizens in foreign states violate the regulations found in article 2 paragraph (1) and article 56 paragraph (1) of Law number 1 in 1974 on Marriage. The problems analyzed in this paper are: first, the legal status of inter-religion marriage in law system of Indonesia; and second, inter-religion marriage performed by Indonesian citizens in foreign countries. The research of this paper shown that Indonesia prohibits inter-religion marriage since it violates the principle of “the belief in the one and only God,” which expects marriage to be performed only by a couple who share the same religious belief.Keywords: Indonesia, Inter-religion Marriage, Legitimate Marriage, Marriage Law, Religion

Customary inheritance law in Indonesia consists of unique and specific patterns that describe the values of traditional Indonesian society that are based on collective and communal culture. There are three types of customary inheritance system: patrilineal, matrilineal, and parental. Every system has a uniqueness that makes it different with others. These differences often cause disputes and problems. The problems are related especially to the status of men and women in relation to patriarchal and matriarchal systems. Settlement of inheritance is done through discussion, approval, or legal remedies. Judges' decisions indicate that there is a renewal on the customary inheritance system in which men and women have equal opportunities to become inheritors of their parents.

The practice of child marriage in Indonesia is a serious problem that must be resolved. This is a problem faced in various countries in the world. The SDG's programs include achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls, with a target to achieve the abolition of child marriage by 2030. The research method used is a social-legal approach. The purpose of this study is to find out the government's efforts in overcoming the problem of gender inequality in the age requirements for marriage in Indonesia and the application for dispensation for marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The old Marriage Law stipulates that the age of marriage for men is 19 years and for women 16 years. The government then changed this provision through Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, in which the marriage age for men and women is the same, which is 19 years. During the Covid-19 pandemic, applications for marriage dispensation in Indonesia indicated a sharp increase. This means that the application for marriage dispensation is unaffected by the Covid-19 pandemic situation. The existence of exceptions through dispensation efforts makes the requirements for the age of marriage can still be deviated, so that gender equality, which is expected to minimize child marriages above, cannot be realized or cannot be carried out as desired.

Child marriages are common throughout Indonesia. This is due to a strong influence of Indonesian customs and religion that strongly influence the lives of its people. It is worth pointing that marriage age arrangements in Indonesian Marriage Law reinforces that legal age for men is 19 years and 16 years for women. The 2012 statistics show that Indonesia is the 37th highest in the world in child marriage, while at the Southeast Asian level, this country ranks second after Cambodia. The ranking went up dramatically since in 2016, based on UNICEF, Indonesia ranked the 7th in child marriage worldwide. This means that the practice of child marriage in Indonesia happens, especially to women at the age of 18 years, and there is no discrimination related to the age of marriage. Against this matter, there has been a file for judicial review that demands marriage age for men and women to be pegged at the age of 18 years. However, the Judge of the Constitutional Court, through Decision Number 30-74/PUU-XII/2014, states that age of marriage remains valid for the 19-year-old for man and 16-year-old for women. The struggle does not stop there because at this time, there a national movement of STOP CHILD MARRIAGE formed by civil organisations in cooperation with the Commission of Child Protection and Ministry of Woman Empowerment and Child Protection. This movement sees that the practice of child marriage is a national emergency problem that must be addressed seriously. Further, this movement demands immediate enactment of government regulation in favour of the law which must promptly revise the Marriage Law, especially related to the marriage age.