Attitudes toward female authority and their relationship to gender beliefs were examined using implicit and explicit measures of each. Implicit attitudes covaried with implicit gender authority beliefs (i.e., linking men to high-authority and women to low-authority roles). Explicit attitudes covaried with explicit gender authority beliefs, feminist identification, and hostile sexism. Thus, gender authority beliefs may influence both conscious and unconscious prejudice against female authorities. Although women showed less explicit prejudice than did men, their implicit attitudes were similarly negative. Finally, the relationship found between two different response latency methods (a priming task for attitudes, a categorization task for beliefs) supports the assumption that implicit measures assess similar constructs (i.e., automatic associations in long-term memory).

How can heterosexual men's hostility toward women and gay men be explained? A new individual-difference variable, exclusively masculine identity, comprising a masculinized ideal self and feminized undesired self, was examined as a predictor of the psychological factor underlying heterosexual men's attitudes toward women and gay men. A complementary model explanation was supported, with exclusively masculine identity emerging as a significant predictor in addition to right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. However, this effect was accounted for solely by ideal self masculinization. Avenues for future research are suggested, and a more general version of the theory, exclusively in-group identity, is proposed as a potential mechanism underlying all intergroup attitudes.Portions of this research were presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore, Maryland, March 9, 2002. This article is based on research conducted in partial fulfillment of my doctoral dissertation requirement at Rutgers University under the supervision and guidance of Laurie Rudman (committee chair),

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