No abstract

Background: Shigella dysenteriae continues to be a major health problem in Indonesia, which usually leads to death, due to diarrhoea and dysentery, predominantly in children below the age of 5. Bacterial invasion of the colonic epithelium leads to severe inflammation together with bacterial dissemination generates abscesses and ulcerations. Myrmecodia pendans, also locally known by indigenous Papuans as ant-nest is native to Southeast Asia. This tropical plant has proven to be rich in bioactive constituents and highly valued as an alternative choice for cancer/tumor treatments and an efficacious herbal drug to prevent and cure diarrhea.Objective: This research aimed to determine antibacterial activity of Ant-nest extract against S. dysenteriae and to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) -minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) range of concentration.Methods: Ant-nest dried plant were obtained from Wamena, Papua. The extract was obtained by using maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Antibacteria activity test were then performed by using perforated agar method with various extract concentration (10, 20, 40, and 60% (g/mL)). MIC-MBC concentration determinated by using microdilution method.Results: From 500.42 g dried plant we can obtain 77.47 g dry extract (15.48% rendement). Phytochemical screening result showed that the ethanol extracts of ant-nest contains metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tanins, saponins, and steroids/terpenoids. Largest inhibition zone was shown by 60% extract concentration with 1.74 ± 0.021 cm diameter. MIC -MBC concentrations lays in range of 14 -16 % (w/v). Conclusion:The results of the present investigation suggest that the extracts of the studied plants can be used as potential leads to discover new drugs to control some S. dysenteriae infections..

Background: Streptococcus mutans is known as primary microorganism in the formation of dental plaque and tooth decay. Aims and Objectives: To determine the antibacterial activity of ant-nest plant ethanol extract to inhibit S. mutans clinical isolates growth in vitro. Materials and Methods: The ethanol extracts obtained from the ant-nest plant were studied for antibacterial activity against cariogenic S. mutans obtained from patients with clinically identified carious lesions, using the agar diffusion method. Chlorhexidine gluconate was using as a comparative drug. The simplisia of ant-nest plant was extracted using a maceration method. The phytochemical screening was taken using standard methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was performed by a macrodilution method and following by subculturing the overnight result onto the surface of agar media. Results: Phytochemical screening of ant-nest plant ethanol extract revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extract showed intensive activity and totally inhibited the growth of S. mutans clinical isolates at 1.25% w/v. In comparison, the chlorhexidine gluconate, essential oil of plants and povidone-iodine in a ranged tested concentration also had given inhibition effect to all hyaluronic acid resistant S. mutans isolates. Conclusion: It can be reasoned that the ethanolic extract of ant-nest plant gave potent and direct antibacterial effect on S. mutans.

AbstrakPerawat memiliki berbagai kompetensi yang harus dikuasai dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan kepada pasien. Kompetensi perawat sangat luas, mencakup praktik profesional, etis, legal, peka budaya, pemberian asuhan, manajemen asuhan keperawatan, pengembangan kualitas personal dan profesional. Supervisi klinik menjadi syarat penting untuk memantau penerapan kompetensi perawat, sehingga dapat tercipta kinerja yang memuaskan. Kinerja perawat yang belum mencapai standar yang telah ditetapkan DEPKES RI, dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya tindakan -tindakan yang tidak sesuai SOP, kurang baiknya dalam pemberian pelayanan keperawatan, sehingga menimbulkan cedera, kerugian, bahkan komplain dari pasien dan masyarakat. Kejadian tersebut dapat menimbulkan penurunan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan dan penurunan tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap profesi perawat. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya solusi yang tepat untuk mempertahankan kualitas pelayanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh supervisi klinik terhadap peningkatan kompetensi perawat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sistematic review melalui pencairan database, scanning, dan screening 8 artikel dari 90 artikel yang didapat. Hasil penelitian didapatkan adanya perbedaan pelayanan keperawatan, ditunjukkan dari peningkatan kompetensi perawat yang berpengaruh terhadap kinerja perawat. Kinerja perawat dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal yang meliputi kepatuhan dokumentasi keperawatan dan kepatuhan cuci tangan five moment. Sedangkan faktor eksternal meliputi penurunan burnout, peningkatan lingkungan kerja, dan penurunan risiko jatuh. Dari berbagai jurnal menunjukkan bahwa superfisi klinik dapat memberikan dampak positif terhadap kinerja perawat baik secara internal maupu eksternal. Banyaknya dampak positif supervisi klinik di rumah sakit dapat menjadi acuan agar supervisi klinik terus di lakukan di rumah sakit. Adanya supervisi klinik yang dilakukan dengan tepat diharapakan kegiatan asuhan keperawatan dapat terus ditingkankan sesuai kompetensi perawat. Abstract Clinical supervision in nursing services as an efforts to improve nurse competency in hospitals.Nurses have various competencies that must be mastered in providing nursing care to patients. Nurses' competencies are very broad, covering professional, ethical, legal, cultural-sensitive practices, providing care, nursing care management, developing personal and professional qualities. Clinical supervision is an important requirement for monitoring the application of nurse competencies, so that satisfactory performance can be created. The performance of nurses who have not reached the standards set by the RI Ministry of Health, can result in actions that are not in accordance with the SOP, poor in providing nursing services, causing injury, loss, even complaints from patients and the public. These events can lead to a decrease in the quality of health services and a decrease in the level of public trust in the nursing profession. Therefore it is necessary to have the right solution to maintain service quali...

Rute pemberian obat secara oral banyak disukai masyarakat karena memiliki kemudahan dalam penggunaannya namun juga memiliki kelemahan bagi pasien yang mengalami kesulitan menelan sehingga dapat menurunkan kepatuhan pasien serta memerlukan waktu yang lama untuk mencapai efek farmakologis. Oleh karena itu, untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien dan mempercepat waktu mencapai efek farmakologis, penekanan diberikan pada pengembangan formula baru. Salah satu pendekatan tersebut adalah pengembangan fast dissolving tablets (FDTs). FDT merupakan bentuk sediaan padat yang hancur dan larut di mulut dalam 60 detik atau lebih rendah dan dapat digunakan tanpa air. Dalam formulasi FDT digunakan superdisintegran baik yang berasal dari alam maupun sintesis. Review artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan infomasi tentang superdisintegran yang biasa digunakan dalam formulasi beserta kelebihan dan kekurangannya, mekanisme kerja superdesintegran dan metode pencampurannya, evaluasi dalam sediaan FDT serta aplikasi penggunaan superdisintegran. Superdisintegran alam dapat berupa polisakarida, mucilago, gum, pati, dan chitosan sedangkan superdisintegran sintetik dapat berupa natrium starch glikolat dan natrium crosscarmellose. Superdisintegran ini memiliki kondisi optimum yang berbeda-beda serta memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihan masing-masing. Secara umum evaluasi sediaan FDT hampir sama dengan evaluasi tablet oral namun hanya persyaratannya saja yang membedakan.Kata kunci : fast dissolving tablets, superdisintegran, alam, sintesis