Food security issues deal with critical problem, namely food demand grows faster than that of production. To achieve food self-sufficiency and food security, the Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia through Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development develops the Model of Sustainable Food Houses Region (M-KRPL) and its replication, namely the Sustainable Food Houses Region (KRPL). The concept of M-KRPL and KRPL programs needs to be refined primarily due to program design, implementation period, implementing organizations, introduced technologies, and strengthened local institutions. Implementation of M-KRPL and KRPL should be carried out through excellent social process and stages of growth, i.e. growing, developing, maturation, and self-reliance. M-KRPL replication should take account the technology use as well as community empowerment. M-KRPL and KRPL is promising in terms of technical, economic and institutional aspects. Important policy implications are: (a) taking accounts the technical aspect and social-economic characteristics of the targeted groups, (b) program period must be at least three years along with the growth stages; (c) the main M-KRPL and KRPL implementing organizations are the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIATs) and Regional governments, respectively; (d) the technology introduced consists of nursery, farm practice, post harvest, and processing; and (e) managerial and capital development. Implementasi replikasi M-KRPL menjadi KRPL seyogyanya dilakukan melalui proses sosial yang matang melalui tahap penumbuhan, pengembangan, pematangan, dan kemandirian. Replikasi M-KRPL menggunakan entry point teknologi dan sekaligus kelembagaan, serta berdasarkan prinsip pemberdayaan masyarakat. Pengembangan M-KRPL dan KRPL memiliki prospek baik dan berlanjutan ditinjau dari aspek teknis, ekonomi dan kelembagaan. Implikasi kebijakan penting adalah : (a) rancangan program harus memperhatikan aspek teknis dan karakteristik sosial ekonomi kelompok sasaran; (b) jangka waktu program minimal 3 (tiga) tahun melalui tahap penumbuhan, pengembangan, dan kemandirian; (c) organisasi pelaksana utama M-KRPL adalah BPTP, sedangkan KRPL adalah Pemerintah Daerah; (d) teknologi yang diintroduksikan mencakup teknologi pembibitan, budidaya, serta pasca panen dan pengolahan hasil; dan (e) penguatan kelembagaan pengelola M-KRPL dan KRPL baik dari aspek manajemen, permodalan, dan partisipasi anggota. Kata kunci : prospek, kawasan rumah pangan lestari, replikasi, keberlanjutan

During the last decade, the increasing intensity of anti -tobacco campaign underpinned by health consideration that has been reinforced by the ratified Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the reduced government support to tobacco production, and the increasing community's awareness on the importance of healthy life, has been threatening the world and the Indonesian tobacco economy. The world tobacco economy is expected to be slowing down and severely affects the Indonesia's tobacco economy. In this connection, this paper is aimed at analyzing the current situation and the roles of tobacco and cigarette industry sectors in the Indonesian economy. Important results of the analysis are as follows : (i) the tobacco production during the 2000 -2006 period was decreased by 5.98% per annum; (ii) the per capita cigarette consumption tended to increase with the increased per capita income; (iii) the tobacco and the cigarette sectors shared about 7% of the government domestic revenues, but more depleting rather than generating foreign exchanges; (iv) the tobacco and cigarette industry sectors have small share in the creation of output value, value added and employment, but have relatively high output multiplier, particularly the tobacco sector; and (v) the tobacco sector was able to pull its upstream sectors and push its downstream sectors to develop, while the cigarette sector was able only to push its downstream sector. It is suggested, therefore, that: (i) the future development of tobacco and cigarette sectors needs to consider the balance between economic and health aspects; and (ii) the nicotine and tar contained in the cigarettes needs to be reduced while exploring alternative economically feasible of non -cigarette uses of tobacco. Key words : tobacco sector,cigarette industry, input output, Indonesia ABSTRAKSelama dasawarsa terakhir, meluasnya kampanye anti tembakau karena pertimbangan kesehatan yang diperkuat den gan telah diratifikasinya Konvensi Kerangka Pengendalian Tembakau, ber kurangnya dukungan pemerintah untuk pengembangan ekonomi tembakau serta meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya hidup sehat, maka ancaman terhadap ekonomi tembakau dunia dan In donesia mulai terasa. Dikhawatirkan ekonomi tembakau dunia akan terus melesu dan berdampak pada

(b) penciptaan nilai tambah tinggi, dan (c) keterkaitan ke depan dan ke belakang. Semakin berkembang suatu komoditas pertanian yang sudah diusahakan, maka semakin tinggi keterkaitan kedepan dan kebelakang dengan sektor lain. Demikian pula, semakin tinggi kemampuan suatu komoditas pertanian dalam menciptakan nilai tambah maka akan semakin tinggi pula dalam menciptakan nilai ekonomi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok komoditas pangan memiliki kapasitas sebagai komoditas agribisnis yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok komoditas hortikultura, perkebunan, dan peternakan. Pengembangan komoditas pertanian primer menjadi produk akhir dapat meningkatkan peranan komoditas tersebut sebagai komoditas agribisnis. Implikasinya adalah pengembangan industri hilir (hilirisasi) baik untuk komoditas pangan, hortikultura, perkebunan, dan peternakan merupakan langkah strategis dalam penciptaan output, nilai tambah dan keterkaitan antar sektor ekonomi.Kata kunci: agribisnis, keterkaitan antar sektor, komoditas pertanian, nilai tambah output

Achievement of the targeted growth of agricultural GDP needs sufficient amounts of investment. The required amounts of investment can be correctly determined when the values of ICOR (Incremental Capital Output Ratio) have been known. This study aims at: (1) To estimate the values of agricultural ICOR emplyoing Leontief's Input-Output approach; (2) To simulate the requirement of agricultural investment to achieve the targeted growth of agricultural GDP by 2010-2014; and (3) To identify factors encouraging or discouraging agricultural investment. This research used Input-Output data from BPS and survei data in 2011 in West Java, East Java, Riau, and South Sulawesi Provinces. The results show that: (1) The values of ICOR < 1, meaning that agricultural investments are efficient; (2) The values of ICOR in the 1995-2008 period were declining suggesting that agricultural investments are increasingly efficient; (3) The values of ICOR decline as processing and consumption activities are considered; (4) To reach the targeted growth of agricultural GDP of 3,75 percent by 2014, the required amout of invesment is Rp 80.1 trillions; and (5) Factors enhancing agricultural investment are good output prospect and profitability, availability of accessible formal capital sources, as well as conducive government policies, while factors hampering investment are huge capital requirement for the initial investment stage, unstable prices of some commodities, and the limited land area for expansion. Some suggestions of this research are: (1) agricultural investment promotion encompassing on-farm and processing industries; (2) simpler, rapid and cheap investment processes; (3) increasing public budgets for development/rehabilitation of agricultural infrastructure; and (4) providing supports for farmers with subsidized credits such as KKP-E, KKP-NR and KUPS.

<strong>English</strong><br />This study aims to estimate quantitative impacts of fuel price adjustment on prices of agribusiness inputs and outputs, inflation and household expenditures, farm profitability and farmers’ welfare as well as Gross Domestic Products form agriculture sector as the key parameters in designing policies related with fuel price adjustment to be conducted by the Government in the future. This study applies an Input-Output analysis (National Input-Output Table 2005). Micro agribusiness survey was also conducted to check validity of the macro secondary data. The Input-Output analysis shows if fuel price is raised by 100% then the agribusiness profitability will decrease by around 0.095–0.142% for food and horticulture farms, 0.052–0.141% for estate crops farms, 0.537-0.756% for livestock farms and 0.058–0.223% for post-harvest and processing business. Inflation elasticity is 0.044%. If the fuel price is raised by 1% then inflation will increase by 0.044%. Inflation rate can be seen as the increase in the household cost of living if there is no change in quantity of the consumption. Accordingly, if the fuel price is indeed must be increased to reduce the budget expense of the fuel subsidy and to improve energy use efficiency then it should be conducted gradually, say 10% per occasion, such that it would not have significant impacts on agricultural performance as well as farmers’ and rural people’s welfare. It is regrettable to see the historical experience that the government tends to postpone adjusting the fuel price, perhaps for political reason, but in the end has to rise fuel price sharply causing significant negative impacts on agricultural performances as well as farmers’ welfare.<br /><br /><strong>Indonesia</strong><br />Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh dugaan dampak perubahan harga BBM terhadap harga sarana, prasarana, dan hasil usaha pertanian, serta kinerja sektor pertanian yang merupakan parameter kunci dalam perumusan kebijakan terkait dengan penyesuaian harga BBM yang kemungkinan besar masih akan harus dilakukan pemerintah. Metode yang digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan tersebut adalah analisis input-output (Tabel IO Nasional tahun 2005). Survei mikro usaha pertanian juga dilakukan sebagai validasi kelogisan hasil analisis IO. Analisis input-output menunjukkan bahwa apabila harga BBM ditingkatkan 100% maka profitabilitas usaha akan menurun sekitar 0,095–0,142% untuk usaha tanaman pangan dan hortikultura, sekitar 0,052–0,141% untuk usaha perkebunan, sekitar 0,537–0,756% untuk usaha peternakan, dan sekitar 0,058–0,223% untuk usaha pascapanen dan pengolahan hasil pertanian. Elastisitas inflasi terhadap harga BBM adalah 0,044%. Apabila harga BBM ditingkatkan 1%, inflasi akan meningkat 0,044%. Inflasi dapat pula dipandang sebagai peningkatan biaya hidup atau pengeluaran konsumsi penduduk bila tidak ada perubahan kuantitas konsumsi. Oleh karena itu, kalau memang harus dilakukan guna mengurangi beban anggaran subsidi dan mendorong efisiensi penggunaan energi, kebijakan penyesuaian harga BBM sebaiknya dilakukan secara bertahap, misalnya 10% tiap kali peningkatan, sehingga dampaknya tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja sektor pertanian maupun terhadap kesejahteraan petani dan penduduk perdesaan secara umum. Namun, pengalaman dari masa lalu menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah cenderung menunda-nunda kenaikan harga BBM, barangkali karena alasan politik, sehingga terpaksa melakukan kenaikan harga BBM secara tajam dan dampaknya terhadap kinerja usaha pertanian dan kesejahteraan petani pun akan besar.