Objectives:Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees originates from India and grows widely in many areas in Southeast Asian countries. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees has shown an antidiabetic effect in type 1 DM rats. The present study investigates the purified extract of the plant and its active compound andrographolide for antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in high-fructose-fat-fed rats, a model of type 2 DM rats.Materials and Methods:Hyperglycemia in rats was induced by high-fructose-fat diet containing 36% fructose, 15% lard, and 5% egg yolks in 0.36 g/200 gb.wt. 55 days. The rats were treated with the extract or test compound on the 50th day. Antidiabetic activity was measured by estimating mainly the pre– and postprandial blood glucose levels and other parameters such as cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, and body weight.Results:The purified extract and andrographolide significantly (P<0.05) decreased the levels of blood glucose, triglyceride, and LDL compared to controls. However, no changes were observed in serum cholesterol and rat body weight. Metformin also showed similar effects on these parameters.Conclusions:Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees or its active compound andrographolide showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in high-fat-fructose-fed rat.

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Objective: Purpose of this research was to get the optimum formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of mangosteen peels and to evaluate the permeation ability of active substances in the formulation. Method: Oil phase solubility of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction and residue of the mangosteen peels was tested with virgin coconut oil (VCO). The formulation was designed with a simplex lattice design using Design Expert software and the permeation was tested using Franz diffusion cell. Results: Based on the results of simplex lattice design methods obtained that the optimum formulation of SNEDDS was the composition of VCO, Tween 80, PEG 400 at a ratio of 1:6,95:2,05. The results of permeation test in vitro using Franz Diffusion cell indicated that the obtained SNEDDS ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen peels that is 96.9223% higher than without preparation SNEDDS was 18,9426 % on hour-8. The optimum physical evaluation SNEDDS optimum values obtained involved drug loading of 125mg/5 mL SNEDDS, the transmittance value of 92%, emulsification time of 65 seconds, pH of 6.35, particle size 20 nm, zeta potential -12,40 and stable for three months. Conclusion: SNEDDS can improve the diffusion rate of mangosteen peels as a model poorly water soluble drug.Various samples of mangosteen peels were screened as candidates for SNEDDS on the basis of solubility of the active compound in oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. Simplex lattice design methods can be used to obtain optimum formulation on SNEDDS.Key words: SNEDDS, Extract, Fraction, Mangosteen Peels, Simplex Lattice Design.Key message: Novelty in this research is the utilization of waste mangosteen peels in ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction and residue designed SNEDDS. SNEDDS designed with the simplex lattice design route topical are something new. Additionally, it appeared that diffusion for in vitro release from these SNEDDS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Secang (C. sappan L.) and awar (F. septica Burm.f) are known of Indonesian traditional medicine that highly consumed throughout centuries in order to cure various diseases. Recently, researchers also concern about its effects as anti-cancer on various cell types. This study was conducted to understand the ethanolic extract of C. sappan L. (ECS) and F. septica Burm.f (EFS) effects on 4T1 cells migration at various concentrations. Firstly, we examine cell proliferation profile with MTT assay under treatment with the extracts and obtained the IC50 value of ECS (20 μg/mL) and EFS (15 μg/mL). Subsequent assay conducted was to examine the cells migration under low concentration resulting in the migration inhibitory effect of both EFS and ECS with different intensity. EFS performed better migration inhibitory effect than ECS. Finally, we conducted gelatin zymography and western blot and revealed that the migration inhibitory effect of EFS may correlate to the lowering of protein expression of MMP9 and Rac-1 after 24 hours of treatment. We conclude that both extracts are potential to be developed as anticancer agent and EFS is more potent for anti-metastasis.

The mangosteen peels (Garcinia mangostana L.) has high free radical scavengers activity. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical conditions that are formulated in SNEDDS and nanoemulsion preparations. SNEDDS was made with various concentrations of Tween 80, PEG 400, and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with a ratio of 4,98:1,02:1. Nanoemulsions were made with the addition of water to SNEDDS. Stability observation results were analyzed by statistics. The results of physical stability test show that all test samples in the research, in nanoemulsion, SNEDDS fraction, base SNEDDS, SNEDDS vitamin E did not undergo separation, precipitation, cracking, and creaming. On the chemical stability test of nanoemulsion and SNEDDS fraction there is no difference between IC50 before and after storage. While on basic SNEDDS and vitamin E nanoemulsion there is a difference between IC50 before and after storage.