The authors prove that Bakhtin’s works are basically connected with the structural approach. The philosopher analysed this methodology, especially ideas of Saussure, Russian formalism and others. He defined both its advantages and weak sides. The authors examine the specifics of Bakhtin’s methodology which were effectively used in the creation of an original humanistic philosophy of act. In the article the causes of popularity of Bakhtin’s works in the West philosophy discourse are revealed. The authors are making an accent on Bakhtin’s criticism, which was directed against the dehumanized tendencies of structuralism. This criticism is adequately used in modern times, because it helps to establish new humanism as well as to focus on the existence of man in the world.

The article is aimed at defining the possibilities for structural methodology to understand the phenomenon of modern technology. Some principles of postmodernists’ structural research are highlighted. The embodiment of these principles in the analytical discourse is shown, considering the state and development of technical activities and how they allow one to assess and predict future events. These predictions about mechanization, informatization and virtualization of almost all areas of modern society are contemplated pessimistic by some thinkers and optimistic by others. The conducted study showed that the structural methodology is a fairly effective means of philosophical understanding of the phenomena of technical reality. More and more people become involved in technology, and it is generally not perceived as involved in global threats. Instead, the dynamics and the consequences of structural transformations in the technical field are deeply interpreted by philosophers, who formulate their predictions and thus signal the dangers to culture and civilization.

Розглянуто філософську осмислення важливих аспектів людського буття, пов'язаних з поширенням фотографії в сучасному суспільстві. Особливу увагу звернено на застосування методологічних принципів постструктуралізму, завдяки яким фотографія постає як вияв нової антропологічної реальності, що сформувалася в межах європейської культури. Показано, як у творах з філософії фотографії віддзеркалюється індивідуальний досвід перебування людини в світі. Автори демонструють конструктивні можливості структурної методології, яка дає змогу виявляти ті аспекти буття сучасної людини, які не надаються традиційним засобам філософського аналізу.

The review is devoted to the analysis of features of a theoretical construction which Victor Petrushenko calls as “psychological ontology”. The review emphasizes the original explanation of the structure of the psychological picture of the human world and its components – forms of empirical knowledge (feelings, perceptions and representations). The author of the monograph analyzes the dynamic interaction of thinking, or the second reflection, with the psychics (the first reflection), as a result of which we distinguish between being and non-being. The main conclusion of the monograph is that human existence is an intertwining of psychology with ontology, and it is well argued. Only through such a linkage of psychics and being the meaning of life, society, morality, values, responsibility are possible.

No abstract