Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producer and exporter countries in the world. The current significant environmental problem challenge being faced by Indonesian farmer is the absence of utilization of coffee by-products. Coffee processing from fruit to brewing coffee that is ready to drink produces a large amount of by-product. Depending on the processing method chosen, the waste produced also differs consisting of pulp, husk, musilage, silver skin and residual coffee grounds. This review aims to provide an overview on coffee by-products characteristic and their potential utilization as profitable products. For this purpose, we have collected and reviewed some literature on chemical properties of coffee by-products and the history of these by-products consumption in some countries. The coffee pulp is the largest by-product acquired during wet coffee processing, so the primary attention has given to the by-product. The by-products have been studied from the coffee pulp including juice, cascara and kombucha. Cascara is a tea made from dried coffee pulp. Cascara has a long history of consumption in Yemen, Ethiopia and South America with different name. Other products are still being studied as products with great potential for further development. With the high crop production projected in the future, the utilization of coffee by-products as useful products should be realized. It is hoped that the results of this review can provide insight to all stakeholders.

Kopi luwak or civet coffee is known as one of the most popular coffee in the world. This coffee produced from the finest and ripest coffee berries that are eaten by luwak (Paradoxorus hermaphroditus), a cat like-animal. Kopi luwak is currently recognized as the most special and most expensive coffee in the world. Kopi luwak production is initially done naturally by collecting kopi luwak from nature. However, due to the limited number, farmer began to cultivate kopi luwak with captivity (caged kopi luwak). A number of problems arise in production, consumption and trade. Indonesia as the first country to produce kopi luwak certainly needs to pay special attention to the development of this coffee. Some research results show that wild kopi luwak and caged kopi luwak have different characteristics. Kopi luwak production with captivity needs to be well studied so that it can be accepted by the world market. Counterfeiting kopi luwak is still common. Standardization of kopi luwak quality needs to be developed, certification of kopi luwak as a quality guarantee will increase consumer confidence and maintain the continuity of this coffee.

This study was aimed to investigate the implementation of English subject Curriculum used in Islamic secondary schools in Makassar city, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Currently, English subject curriculum includes elements of English and characters as a new approach to replace the previous curriculum. The elements of English subject should be developed together with regional and national characters (values of cultures and beliefs). This study employed survey method and Delphi technique to collect the data. The survey method was used to analyze the elements of English and characters which were collected through eighty two curriculum developers and English teachers. Delphi technique was used to verify the results of the inclusion of elements of English and characters. It used meaningful communication with selected experts of English teachers and curriculum developers working in Islamic secondary schools. The experts answered a list of Delphi for two rounds and one another round was interviewed for final clarification. The findings confirmed that most respondents still had shortage experience to develop and implement this current English subject curriculum. The experts claimed that the practitioners in schools need to be trained to develop precise themes and topics and the ways to integrate the characters in the lesson plan and to evaluate the student's characters. Also, the practitioners in schools should make together the strategies to include characters for teaching English as recommended by the national education regulation. The conclusion concerned with this study, practitioners should know many cultures and characteristics of people in pluralism country as recommended by the curriculum.

This paper tries to explore the language acquisition of 3-to 5-year old children, especially in the field of phonology. Based upon this, the aim of his study is to raise the fact based on the data collected. Therefore, this paper can be categorized into the type of descriptive qualitative research. By this consideration, the data collecting technique used in this study is participatory conversational observation combined with informal technique as the data presentation technique so that the final presentation of the data will be specified into the description of the data that have been analyzed. Hence, the result of this study that can be raised to the surface is that 3-to 5-year-old children in kindergarten "Buah Hati" Rembiga are still problematic in pronouncing all sounds belonging to the plosive and fricative.

The challenge for rural communities to provide quality education for early childhood in Indonesia is difficult. National politics, policies, and economic and cultural conditions affect the Early Childhood Education system, and Indonesia is a large multicultural country, so, even the quality of education is difficult. This study aims to look at the quality of children's education in Pandalungan. Using qualitative methods with ethnographic design, data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that educational institutions for children in urban areas can be categorized quite high. However, for early childhood education services in Desa Sukorambi Pandalungan, the quality is quite poor. Research suggestions are the need for follow-up related to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors at the level of Pandalungan community awareness of early childhood education. 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