Diagnosis of the estrous cycle in female dogs is important in veterinary medicine. The estrous cycle is divided into the following stages: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, metestrus, and anestrus, which due to the action of hormones, replace one after another. This feature of the estrous cycle leads to some difficulties with reproduction. It is hard to obtain newborns because of prolonged anestrus. Vaginal cytology is a simple and available diagnostic method of the estrous cycle. It is based on the analysis of vaginal mucosa epithelial cells changes. This method is used to determine the time of mating and diagnose pathological conditions in the reproductive system of female dogs. There are various drugs in veterinary medicine for the correction of the estrous cycle in female dogs. We used implant Suprelorin® to estrus induction. There were described methods of estrus stimulation using a subcutaneous implant Suprelorin (4.7 mg, deslorelin) and changes in vaginal epithelial cells using the vaginal cytology method. The study was performed on twelve (n = 12) adult female dogs in the anestrus stage. Implants were injected subcutaneously in the groin area and removed at the beginning of the estrus.

Diseases of the transit period in cows and their culling after calving attract considerable attention. Therefore, early diagnosis and prediction of pathological processes during the transition period in cows using biochemical markers stays relevant. The purpose of this study was to find the relationship of globulin levels in the late interlactation period with biochemical parameters and the level of fertilisation and culling of cows within 90 days after calving. The blood serum of cows of the main herd was investigated 10-15 days before calving, based on which the animals were conditionally divided into three groups (with signs of hypogammaglobulinemia (less than 30 g/l)), as well as with normal and elevated (more than 40 g/l) globulin levels. Apart from indicators of protein-nitrogen metabolism, enzymatic activity was also found in the blood serum and the state of carbohydratelipid, mineral, and vitamin metabolism was assessed using biochemical, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric research methods. It was found that cows with hypoglobulinemia showed substantially lower activity of asparagine transaminase, as well as differences in carbohydrate-lipid metabolism (high glucose levels and reduced concentration of high-density lipoproteins). Furthermore, these cows were found to have a decrease in the content of magnesium, as well as copper. It was discovered that within 90 days after calving, the highest level of culling was observed among cows with reduced globulin levels, and the lowest – in animals with normoglobulinemia. Therefore, a direct relationship between the level of globulins in the blood serum 10-15 days before calving with the reproductive capacity and the level of culling of cows was proved. This allows promptly diagnosing and predicting the development of post-partum pathology and reproductive disorders. The results obtained can be used by practical specialists and scientists to plan and investigate the effectiveness of preventive measures to improve the safety of cows and their reproductive capacity in the post-calving period

Acute phase proteins are blood components synthesized by hepatocytes, basic function of which is to defend the organism as part of the immune response to inflammation, trauma, infection, stress, neoplasia. They trigger a complex systemic reaction in order to restore homeostasis recovery of the organism. Proinflammatory cytokines increase their activity in response to the effect of pathogenic microorganisms which are intense stimulants to the production of acute phase proteins. It is known that postpartum uterine contamination is common among many cows. Normally, infections and inflammations are eliminated by the immune response of the uterus. However, about 40% of dairy cattle develop clinical metritis. The aim of this study was to determine changes of C-reactive protein and haptoglobin concentration in healthy cows and with subclinical endometritis. The study was conductedat NNVTS "Komarnivsʹkyy" Horodok district, Lviv region. Two groups of cows of Ukrainian blackand-white dairy breed, aged from 4 to 7 years old, were investigated. The control group included twenty (n = 20) clinically healthy cows. Experimental group included twenty (n = 20) cows with subclinical endometritis. It was found that in the blood serum of healthy cows C-reactive protein concentration was 11,25±1,07 µg/ml. Significant increase (P˂0,001) of C-reactive protein concentration in cows with subclinical endometritis (72,57±18,11 µg/ml) was observed. In the blood serum of healthy cows haptoglobin concentration was 22,5±5,50 mg/l. Significant increase (P ˂0,001) of C-reactive protein concentration in cows with subclinical endometritis (72,57±18,11 µg/ml) was observed. In the blood serum of healthy cows haptoglobin concentration was 22,5±5,50 mg/l. Significant increase (P ˂0,001) of C-reactive protein concentration in cows with subclinical endometritis (72,57±18,11 µg/ml) was observed. In the blood serum of healthy cows haptoglobin concentration was 22,5±5,50 mg/l. Significant increase (P <0,001) of haptoglobin concentration in cows with subclinical endometritis (771,5±122,66 mg/l) was observed. The presented study shows that in cows with subclinical endometritis, increase of C-reactive protein and haptoglobin was observed. Determination of concentration of these proteins can be an informative indicator of subclinical inflammatory process in the uterus of cows. In future research it is important to determine change of IL and TNF-a expression depending on the condition of the uterus. Key words: acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, subclinical endometritis, dairy cattle, uterus.

Pathological processes that strongly affect the uterine endometrium lead to infertility and abortion. The most common of these pathologies are clinical and subclinical endometritis. Subclinical endometritis is characterized by endometrial inflammation in the absence of clinical signs of endometritis. In this study, we used uterine samples obtained from Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cows aged 4 to 7 years to compare the histology of the uterine endometrium and changes in estrogen-α (ER-α), estrogen-β (ER-β) and progesterone (PgR) nuclear receptor sensitivity in cows with subclinical endometritis. Cows were separated based on cytological examination of the endometrium into a healthy group, or those presenting with subclinical endometritis. From these groups endometrial and epithelial tissue samples were obtained using biopsy forceps and an endoscope then analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate that the sensitivity of ER-α and ER-β is lower while PgR sensitivity is elevated in cows with subclinical endometritis compared to the healthy control group. Additionally, we observed markedly altered histological changes characterized by enlargement of uterine glands, epithelial desquamation, and infiltration of leukocytes. These results suggest that there are significant changes in the endometrium linked to the sensitivity of nuclear steroid hormone receptors that may also play an immunoregulatory role in cows with subclinical endometriosis. While the interaction of steroid hormones and immunoregulation in the uterus remains to be elucidated, it may provide key insights into the uterine immune response.

During the postpartum period among the dairy cattle there are cases of bacteriological infection of the uterus tissues. This process occurs in over 90% of the herd. If the animal wasn’t provided with early effective treatment, acute inflammation becomes a chronic disease. After analyzing published data, it was concluded that hysteroscopic studies are not described enough. For this study 5 (n = 5) cows of Ukrainian black and white breed, aged 4 to 6 years were selected, which had not shown estrus for over 25 days. Diagnosis was reached by hysteroscopy of uterus. Analysis of the data has proved that area size of bright red color of uterus with subclinical endometritis was – 57.6 ± 5.2%, whereas after the treatment with «Metrodek» it decreased by more than 7 times – 7.3 ± 1.6% (p < 0.001); area of exudate in the uterus with subclinical endmometritis was – 59.3 ± 6.5%, whereas after the treatment with «Metrodek» decreased about 11 times – 5.4 ± 1.1 % (p < 0,001).