In many higher education institutions of Ukraine there are centers of distance education, the system of which is based on a number of principles: continuity; democratization; integration; globalization. In the conditions of the declared quarantine connected with the Covid–19 pandemic in the educational process of higher educational institutions and medical in particular distance learning has become especially relevant. The aim is to descriptive the forms and methods of distance learning on the example of microbiology, virology and immunology in TNMU and department of microbiology, virology and immunology ZSMU. Microsoft Office 365 (MS Teams application) and Skype for Business were chosen as the main platforms for the implementation of distance learning at ZSMU for the quarantine period. As a platform for distance education at the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, TNMU used the capabilities of Moodle. Distance learning at ZSMU and TNMU was carried out according to the schedule drawn up at the beginning of the semester using two forms of education, because this combination best helps to implement and ensure the learning process: online conferences and coverage of all materials on the department’s website. The advantages of distance learning are obvious today.This form of learning has significant potential, because the software capabilities of the Microsoft Office 365 and Moodle platforms allow you to quickly transfer any amount of study material to students with its subsequent storage and permanent access for self-study and repetition, as well as various forms of student knowledge control and documentation of the received marks. For successful distance learning it is very important to choose the optimal form of learning or a combination thereof. However, it cannot completely replace traditional education and necessarily requires practical work, especially when studying disciplines at the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology.

The introduction of distance learning raised questions of self-organization and self-discipline of the student, the desire and ability of the student to independently acquire knowledge, academic integrity of the student. The effectiveness of distance learning depends on the answers to these questions. Therefore, teachers need to analyze the level of self-preparation of each student and, if necessary, motivate them for intensive independent educational work. To obtain objective data on the readiness and attitude of students to distance learning, as well as in order to establish and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning as students see them, conducted a voluntary anonymous survey using a questionnaire developed by us. The survey was carried out among the students, who studied the discipline “Microbiology, Virology and Immunology” for one semester in the classroom, and the next semester studied remotely using the services of the Microsoft Office 365 platform. Indicators of representativeness of the sample: sample size — 24 respondents, which amounted to 54.5 % of students; the maximum error is 10 % with a probability of 0.90. When analyzing the answers to the questionnaires, we revealed the advantage of positive feedback from students on the introduced distance learning form. Among the positive aspects, students consider remote lecturing and access to lectures read on the MS Teams service of the Microsoft Office 365 platform. Among the disadvantages of distance learning, students especially note the long stay at the monitor and the lack of practical work, especially when studying the discipline “Microbiology, Virology and Immunology”.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the three major health challenges of the 21st century. One of the most important reasons for the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment is the irrational and uncontrolled use of antibacterial drugs, not only for medical but also other purposes, and their improper disposal. The microbiome of aquatic and soil ecosystems is characterized by the acquisition of antibiotic resistance through mobile genetic elements, contact with antibacterial drugs and their residues, the action of heavy metals and environmental stress. Also, according to the literature, it is noted that the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs in the environment existed much earlier than in clinical strains. These facts can not help but worry, because antibiotic-resistant strains of the environment have an extremely negative impact on human health. Once in the human body with water and food, they significantly complicate and / or make it impossible to further treat life-threatening diseases. Also, antibacterial residues circulating in aquatic and soil ecosystems, entering the human body can cause cancer, allergic reactions or disruption of the natural intestinal microflora. These ecosystems are characterized by large-scale spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues. The aim of our work was to analyze with the help of theoretical methods of scientific research the reasons for the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance among environmental microbiota, namely in aquatic and soil ecosystems. To determine the impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of these ecosystems on human health. We have found that antibacterial drugs, antibiotic-resistant strains and resistance genes are a particular problem for wastewater treatment. Antibiotics can provide a selective load, as the mechanisms that break them down can promote resilience and selectively enrich. Wastewater treatment plants can be a favorable factor for the horizontal transfer of genes and the development of bacterial polyresistance, and high-resistance genes can be preserved even after disinfection. Soil is also an important reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Microorganisms are in a constant struggle for existence in this ecosystem and try to colonize the micro-scale with the most favorable for their ecotype habitat. Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria are in close contact with other members of the microbiota, which in turn promotes the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, even between cells of different species or genera through genetic determinants. Conclusion: ecosystems are characterized by large-scale spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues. Therefore, this problem should be properly addressed, as the presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, antibacterial drugs and their residues in the environment can cause unpredictable environmental consequences and adversely affect human health with more severe incurable infectious diseases. Monitoring programs for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and resistance genes in soil and aquatic ecosystems are necessary and very relevant today. After all, this microbiota poses a serious threat to both the environment and human health and can easily spread from one part of the world around the world.