Serum hormone levels were compared between captive and free-living maned wolves and seasonal variations of sex hormones were studied. Blood samples were collected from 16 male and 26 female adult animals from Brazilian zoos, and from 30 male and 24 female free-living adults to determine serum progesterone and testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Serum testosterone concentrations varied (P < 0.05) across seasons for 16 captive males, being higher in autumn (2184.7 ± 355.1 pg/mL) than in summer (1080.7 ± 205.4 pg/mL), winter (1270.1 ± 276.6 pg/mL) and spring (963.9 ± 248.1 pg/mL), although they did not differ between summer, winter and spring. Testosterone concentration of 30 free-living males differed (P < 0.05) between autumn (824.1 ± 512.2 pg/mL), winter (14.4 ± 8.0 pg/mL) and spring (151.9 ± 90.5 pg/mL). Comparison between captive and free-living animals showed no difference in autumn (P > 0.05). Sixteen captive males showed higher testosterone concentration during winter and spring compared with 30 free-living animals (P < 0.05). Progesterone concentration varied among seasons in 26 captive females (P < 0.05), being higher in autumn (15.3 ± 3.1 ng/mL) than in summer (6.6 ± 1.5 ng/mL), winter (5.3 ± 3.1 ng/mL) and spring (4.3 ± 0.7 ng/mL). Progesterone concentration of 24 free-living females varied between autumn (17.1 ± 6.0 ng/mL) and winter (1.7 ± 0.3 ng/mL) (P < 0.05), but we could not obtain data for spring or summer. No difference in progesterone levels was observed between captive and free-living females in autumn and winter.

Although cocaine induces several behavioral and hormonal effects, little is known about non-contingent repeated administrations in non-human primates. Therefore, we analyzed behavioral (locomotion, vigilance) and hormonal (cortisol) responses of adult black tufted-ear marmosets during repeated administrations and withdrawal trials. The subjects were divided into two groups (saline or cocaine 5mg/kg, ip) and submitted to nine treatment trials and four withdrawal trials in the absence of any treatment in an open-field arena. Blood samples were obtained on five different time points of the procedure to evaluate the effects of repeated cocaine treatment on basal cortisol levels. Cocaine repeatedly administered to drug-naïve marmosets induced a slow-onset hypervigilance effect (i.e., scan - long-lasting sweeping movements of the head directed at the environment; and glance - single rapid movement of the head directed at the environment), with no concomitant change in locomotion. Treatment cessation during withdrawal immediately reversed the cocaine-induced hypervigilance effect. Cortisol levels remained constant throughout the procedure. Therefore, marmosets seem to have a similar behavioral - but not hormonal - response as humans and other nonhuman primates repeatedly injected with cocaine, but differ from rats in their absence of hyperlocomotor activity. The development of hypervigilance with repeated application may constitute a unique measure to assess cocaine-induced changes in behavior in the marmoset and other nonhuman primates.

Unfamiliar environments can be a source of stress, fear and anxiety for marmoset monkeys. In spite of existing data, the influence of putative anxiolytics on the effects of novel environments has yet to be tested in primates. Therefore, the behavior of adult black tufted-ear marmosets to a single brief (15 min) exposure to a novel environment was analyzed in the presence and absence of diazepam (DZP). Marmosets were pre-treated with vehicle (n=5) or diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, ip; n=5) and submitted to a 15 min free exploration trial within a rectangular open-field arena. DZP-treated subjects, compared to vehicle controls, demonstrated significantly lower rates of (phee) contact calls and exploration, while a higher scan duration. Sojourn time in the arena's central zone was also significantly higher in the former group and sedation was not observed. Thus, pre-treatment with the benzodiazepine DZP decreased several anxiety-related behaviors induced by subjecting the marmosets to a new environment. The results also indicate that, as with rodent subjects, the open-field may provide a useful simple paradigm for assessing anxiety-like behaviors in this primate and, as such, constitutes a unique opportunity for direct comparative studies between rodents and marmoset monkeys in terms of anxiety and/or sedation.

We aim to analyze the evolution and the social and intellectual structure of relationship marketing/CRM scientific field and develop a research agenda. We performed a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 290 articles published between 2015 and 2020. The social structure of the field shows the concentration of publication in developed countries and the predominance of the North-American approach and its focus on consumer centricity. Five research perspectives compose the intellectual structure of relationship marketing scientific field: business-to-business, customer loyalty, adoption and implementation strategies, theoretical developments and digital relationship marketing. We recommend scholars to address relational studies in emerging economies and the role of sociocultural elements in relationship marketing strategies; the impact of social media in consumers and firms relational dynamics; the multichannel context; and the rise of consumption journey as an opportunity to develop relationships in the multiple touchpoints between consumers and firms during the stages of consumption experience.

Objetivo: haja vista a relevância do marketing de relacionamento para as organizações que operam no mercado consumidor (B2C) e a lacuna na literatura no que tange à comparação do cenário de produção nacional com o internacional, o objetivo deste artigo foi mapear o estado da arte recente sobre relacionamento com o consumidor e propor uma agenda de pesquisaMétodo: realizou-se uma revisão bibliométrica com 435 artigos publicados entre 2015 e 2019, classificados segundo critérios demográficos, institucionais e metodológicosResultados: constatou-se a predominância de artigos empíricos e de natureza quantitativa, além da necessidade de desenvolvimento conceitual para o tema. Há preferência pela aplicação de pesquisas no setor privado, configurando lacuna de pesquisa do tema no que se refere ao setor públicoConclusões: as contribuições residem na apresentação de itinerários de pesquisa, cujo propósito maior é auxiliar o desenvolvimento teórico e empírico do marketing de relacionamento, beneficiando tanto a comunidade acadêmica quanto as organizações