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Fast response electrochemical impedance (EI) method was developed to detect concentrations of local anesthetic Levobupivacaine. It revealed the EI method possessed fast response and recovery times and the lowest detected concentration was 1 ppm. Pyrrole was electrochemically polymerized to polypyrrole and made a composite with single walled carbon nanotubes coated over gold electrodes for sensing studies. Ppy and Ppy/SWCNT composite materials were coated upon Au electrodes and characterized by UV/Vis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Various concentrations of levobupivacaine in the range, 1 to 500 ppm were prepared in medically significant saline solution of 0.9% NaCI as test samples. A 10-kHz frequency was used for the calibration curve, and the short response and recovery time were tested as 5 s and 3 s, respectively. The Ppy/SWCNT material with R2 as 0.9971 showed better linearity than Ppy material. Using molecular dynamic simulation studies exothermic adsorption energies and bond lengths have been calculated and explained the fast response time and lower impedance of Ppy/SWCNT than Ppy.

A six sensor electrode system was developed to distinguish three tea extract samples by using impedance measurement technology. Five of the six sensing electrodes were made of different wt% single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and electropolymerizedpyrrole over the surface of gold electrodes. The sixth electrode was made by electropolymerizedpyrrole doped with Poly (sodium-4-styrenesulfonate). The sensing electrodes were characterized by FT-IR, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Transmission Electron Microscope. Various concentrations of six tea leaf extracts (3 types) were made and scanned at different frequencies and the best frequency of 100 kHz was chosen. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the signals to show that the signals vary to distinguish each of the tea samples and lead to subsequent classification.

An electrochemical impedance method to detect concentrations of the local anesthetics Levobupivacaine was implemented and the concentration could be detected to 1 ppm. Electropolymerized pyrrole to polypyrrole (Ppy) and Carbon nanotube (CNT) was fabricated on gold electrodes and used as sensors. Various concentrations of Levobupivacaine from 1 to 500 ppm were prepared in DI water as the test samples.