BackgroundPeople with HIV infection are at increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are recognized as the major NCDs. Except few findings in general population, there is no well-documented evidence on the magnitude of NCDs and associated factors among HIV-positive patients.PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and associated factors of DM and hypertension among adult HIV-positive subjects receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data and blood pressure (BP) were collected by senior clinical nurses. A total of 5 mL of venous blood was collected. Serum glucose and lipid profile were measured using the Autolab 18 clinical chemistry analyzer. Data were analyzed using STATA version 13.ResultsA total of 425 HIV-infected individuals taking HAART of age ranging from 18 to 68 years were included. The prevalence of DM and hypertension were 7.1% (95% CI: 4.9–9.9) and 12.7% (95% CI: 9.8–16.2), respectively. Increased blood triglyceride (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =4.7, 95% CI: 1.7–13.1), high BP (AOR =3.3, 95% CI: 1.1–9.5), and high baseline body mass index (BMI) (AOR =8.7, 95% CI: 2.4–31.8) were significantly associated with DM. In contrast, raised waist–hip ratio (AOR =4.6, 95% CI: 1.6–13.3), raised blood glucose (AOR =3.5, 95% CI: 1.1–11.4), increased total cholesterol (AOR =3.9, 95% CI: 1.3–11.9), high current BMI (AOR =3.8, 95% CI: 1.5–9.6), drinking alcohol (AOR =3.4, 95% CI: 1.5–8.1), CD4 count <500 cell/mL (AOR =2.7, 95% CI: 1.3–5.6), and longer duration of HAART (AOR =2.3, 95% CI: 1.1–5.1) were significantly associated with hypertension.ConclusionDM and hypertension were frequent among HIV patients on HAART, and they were linked to the well-known risk factors. Therefore, regular screening and monitoring of DM and hypertension before and after the initiation of HAART is of paramount importance.

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Background. The efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART) depends on strict adherence to the regimen, but many factors have been identified for nonadherence. Method. To identify the factors for non-adherence to ART, a cross-sectional study was conducted on people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and attending the ART service at Hiwot Fana and Jugal hospitals; it was done from October to December, 2010. Adherence was defined as taking 95% of the prescribed doses in the week before the survey. Data were collected using a standard interview questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS Version 16. Result. Among the 239 study participants, the magnitude of adherence to ART in the week before interview was 87%. The main reasons for nonadherence were forgetting (47.2%), traveling (18.9%), and being busy doing other things (15.1%). There was not any independent predicator identified for adherence to ART. Conclusion. Compared to other similar studies in Ethiopia, in this study a high adherence rate was found. Forgetfulness was the most common reason for the nonadherence. Therefore, the ART counseling needs to give emphasis to using memory aids. In addition, a further study on adherence rate and its determinants with multiple adherence measurements is recommended.

Background: Nowadays diabetic comorbidities constitute a major public health problem in Ethiopian context. However, there is a dearth in epidemiology and risk factors of diabetic comorbidity in Ethiopia, particularly in the study setting. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and identify factors associated with concordant diabetic comorbidities among diabetic out-patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH), EasternEthiopia. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing medical record charts of adult diabetic outpatients. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out by using STATA version 16.0. To measure the strength of association an Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used. Moreover, variables with p-value ≤ 0.05 were considered as statistically significant with the outcome variable. Results: In this study, it is found that the overall prevalence of concordant comorbidity among adult diabetic out-patients was 55.8% (95% CI: 50.3-61.3). Moreover, more than two-third of patients, 72.73% were diagnosed for type two diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Among specified comorbidities about 42.3% were hypertension, 21.63% were obesity, and 13% were multi-morbidity. Age ≥ 55 years (AOR: 7.52, 95% CI: 1.24, 45.75), T2DM (AOR: 9.01, 95% CI: 1.50, 54.04), 2-5 years duration of treatments (AOR: 0.23, 95 CI: 0.078, 0.691), and poor glycemic control (AOR: 4.4 1, 95% CI: 2.34, 8.32) were factors significantly associated with concordant diabetic comorbidity. Conclusion: From the study conducted, the higher prevalence of concordant comorbidity among diabetic patients was investigated. Furthermore, older in age, T2DM, prolonged duration of treatment, and poor glycemic control were factors associated with diabetic comorbidities. Early detection and appropriate treatment of diabetic comorbidities are very important for better patient's quality of life and functionality.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adult diabetic patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital and Jugal Hospital, eastern Ethiopia. Methods An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 416 study participants (age ≥18 years) from February to March 2017. Data were collected using: structured questionnaires, measurements of weight, height, and blood pressure, and laboratory examination of blood lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and fasting blood glucose. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 software packages. The association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with diabetes type, age, and sex was assessed by chi-square test. Result The mean age of study participants was 52 years and 44% were male. Dyslipidemia (90.6%), physical inactivity (76%), and hypertension (62.7%) were the most common cardiovascular disease risks factors identified among diabetic patients. It was also observed that 68.5% of the study participants had uncontrolled blood glucose level. Hypertension was significant in patients over 65 compared to those ≤65 years of age (p < 0.023). Females were considered to be significantly physically inactive compared to males (p < 0.001). Conclusion Dyslipidemia is the most common risk factor of CVD in individuals with Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Identification and treatment of lipid abnormalities is very important. Controlling hypertension among older patients and lifestyle modification among female diabetic patients are also recommended.