Background
Moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICT) has been shown to reduce muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, the effects of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) on MSNA in HFrEF patients are unknown. We hypothesized that reductions in MSNA would be greater following HIIT than MICT and correspond with improvements in peripheral vascular function.
Methods
HFrEF patients (30 ‐ 65 years), left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, Functional Classes II–III, were randomized into HIIT, MICT or no training (NT) three times/week for 12 weeks. MSNA was assessed by microneurography. Brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), blood flow and vascular conductance were assessed by ultrasonography, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) by plethysmography and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) by a cardiopulmonary exercise test.
Results
Both, HIIT and MICT, led to reductions in MSNA (frequency and incidence burst) relative to NT (p<0.05). However, the reduction in MSNA was more pronounced following HIIT than MICT (p<0.05). Increases in brachial artery FMD, resting blood flow and conductance were also greater following HIIT than MICT (p<0.05), while V̇O2peak increased similarly following HIIT and MICT relative to NT. No changes in BP or HR were observed in either exercise condition. Further analysis showed a negative correlation between changes in MSNA and FMD following the interventions (r=−0.60, p=0.005).
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that 12 weeks of HIIT is superior to MICT in reducing sympathetic overactivity and improving vascular function in patients with HFrEF, despite similar increases in exercise capacity.
Support or Funding Information
FAPESP Grants (2014/11671‐6 and 2017/25613‐6)
O presente trabalho se insere na interseção entre os estudos de gênero e a antropologia urbana. A pesquisa etnográfica foi desenvolvida entre os anos de 2012 e 2014 na cidade de João Pessoa. No presente artigo buscamos apresentar agentes e espaços que compõem um circuito caracterizado pela busca de trocas eróticas e sexuais sem vínculos afetivos ou interesses financeiros entre homens que não necessariamente identificam a si mesmos como homossexuais: a pegação. A pesquisa aponta para relações de permeabilidade entre pessoas e lugares, bem como para processos de tensionamento de modelos identitários através de uma experiência marcada pela fluidez e a eventualidade, engendrando um contínuo processo de reinvenção do espaço e dos próprios envolvidos, ainda que submetida a mecanismos de controle social.
Este artigo apresenta um jogo educacional digital, denominado DEG4Trees (Digital Educational Game four Trees), de apoio ao ensino de estruturas de Árvores Binárias de Busca e Árvores AVL. DEG4Trees é um jogo no qual o aluno precisa observar as propriedades das estruturas de dados e interagir com as mesmas para atingir seus objetivos. Ao final de cada rodada, DEG4Trees provê um feedback sobre a atuação do jogador, o que pode servir para que tanto o professor quanto o aluno reconheçam os pontos a serem melhorados durante o processo de ensino/aprendizagem. Como resultado de uma avaliação preliminar do jogo, percebeu-se que o mesmo pode ser útil no contexto do ensino de estruturas de dados.
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