The COVID 19 pandemic has had tremendous economic impacts and continues to wreak havoc around the world. This research work has been conducted to analyze the macroeconomic effects of the COVID 19 in the context of Pakistan. The impact ECON Supply Chain (IESC) Computable general equilibrium (CGE) Model which was formulated by Walmsley and Minor (2016) has been employed so that the supply chain effects of many of Pakistan’s government policies in response to the coronavirus pandemic can be assessed. An 8% shock was given to 11 sectors of the economy and a 5% shock was given to electricity. Lastly, the impact of these shocks on all 31 sectors of the economy that are included in the model was assessed. Results discovered that there was a decline in real GDP, real exports, real imports, and per capita utility from private expenditure, meanwhile, terms of trade and regional household income increased. This study also illuminated that during pandemic goods market prices increased for 16 sectors while supply price of commodities decreased for 15 sectors. Based on the empirical findings, some relevant policy implications are suggested to overcome the pandemic.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in Punjab. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad from 1st October 2021 to 31st March 2022. Methodology: One hundred and fifty pregnant females were enrolled, clinically assessed for their anemic status and were divided into two groups in reference to suspicion of anemia. Group A had those pregnant females who were suspected for anemia while group B were with no suspicion of anemia. Both Group A and Group B had 75 pregnant females. The complete blood count and serum analysis of ferritin, iron and folic acid was performed in each patient after withdrawal of 5cc blood. The demographic details of each patient as well as dietary habits in context of meat, fruit and vegetables from last month were also documented. Results: There were 37.3% pregnant females within suspected anemia group while 36% pregnant females in no suspected anemia group. The frequency of abortion was higher in group A than B with an odds ration as 1.17-1.18. There were more over weight and obese women in suspected anemia Group A while under-weight were more common in Group B. Pregnant females in Group A were consuming less amount of meat, fruit and vegetables than females in group B. The suspected anemia pregnant females blood analysis reports showed 74.6% been iron deficient in comparison with 41.3% non-suspected pregnant females Conclusion: Anemia was prevalent in both suspected and unsuspected group and 75% of the suspected anemia group were also iron deficient. Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia, Pregnancy, Hemoglobin, Incidence, Developing countries

Objective: To find the levels of C-reactive protein pregnant women and its relation with preeclampsia in singleton pregnancy. Study Design: Case control study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur Azad Kashmir from 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022. Methodology: One hundred preeclampsia and 50 control women were enrolled. Protein in the urine presenting renal impairment, decrease platelet counts and renal disease were assessed. Cases that had a blood pressure which was chronically high in cases prior to gestation or were chronic renal disease patients were excluded from the study. A biochemical analysis of C-reactive proteins was conducted through ELISA. The results were than interpreted in terms of their association with preeclampsia. Demographic details and clinical parameters as body mass index (kg/m2), familial history, any related comorbidities, clinical signs and symptoms were documented. Results: The mean age of the preeclampsia women was 31.3±3.2 years while that of pregnant women who were normal controls as 25.8±3.8 years. Primigravida was higher in preeclampsia women while multigravida was higher in normal control pregnant women. Hypertension was prevalent in 73% of the preeclampsia cases than 10% of the normal control pregnant cases. Urinary protein was high as 2 gm in 51% cases of preeclampsia The C-reactive protein value was also significantly higher in preeclampsia cases than normal controlled pregnant women. Conclusion: There is a direct significant association between preeclampsia and high levels of C-reactive proteins. Keywords: C-reactive protein, Pre-eclampsia, Pregnancy

Aim: To assess the role of probiotics in reducing the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in adults. Study design: Retrospective study Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College Quetta from 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Forty cases of adult necrotizing enterocolitis were examined clinically as well as through radiological, biochemical and microbiological testing were enrolled. The cases were categorized according to the severity of their disease and probiotics were used for a month in less severe cases for analyzing its role in reducing necrotizing enterocolitis with a one-month follow-up. Results: The mean age of the patients was 49.2±5.36 years with 27 cases of males in comparison to 13 cases of females. Metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis were presented only in stage 2 and 3 each respectivelyAround 43% of cases reported reduction in venous ammonia after probiotic usage while 21% of the patients claimed betterment in their cognition. Conclusion: Probiotics have an efficient role in reducing ammonia production and improving cognition in adult necrotizing enterocolitis. Key words: Necrotizing, Enterocolitis, Probiotics

Aim: To evaluate the causes of still birth and its frequency in tertiary care hospital. Study design: Descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore from 1st January 2020 to 30th September 2022. Methodology: Seven thousand women were enrolled from which 100 were identified to have stillbirth and followed up till their outcome of delivery. Those women who had still birth were further followed for the causes related with still birth through their and the fetal clinical available data. All major causes were addressed related with still birth and noted in the proforma. The frequency of the cases was identified through the measurement of incidence rate. Neonates born were clinically evaluated in terms of their birth weight as well as term analysis. Results: Majority of the pregnant women were within the age group of 36-45 years. There were 54% of the women who were obese. On analysis of the associated reasons with still birth, it was observed that 27% of the pregnant women undergoing still birth were not known of the cause, while 24% and 20% had placental complication and infection respectively. Conclusion: Maternal age, infection, placental abruption and obesity are the main causes of still birth. The frequency of still birth is 1.42% in this region. Keywords: Cause, Stillbirth, Frequency