Diabetes mellitus is most common disorder characterize by hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia may lead to over production of free radicals thereby results in oxidative stress which impaired healing of wounds. Ferulic acid (FA) has been shown to have antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to develop Ferulic acid nanoparticles and to study its hypoglycemic and wound healing activities. Ferulic acid-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (FA-PLGA) nanoparticles were prepared by nano precipitation method. The prepared FA-PLGA nanoparticles had an average size of 240 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed the prepared FA-PLGA nanoparticles were spherical in shape. Drug encapsulation assay showed that 88.49% FA was encapsulated in PLGA. Carbopol 980 was used to formulate FA-PLGA nanoparticles loaded hydrogel. FA-loaded polymeric nanoparticles dispersion (oral administration) and FA-loaded polymeric nanoparticles based hydrogel (topical administration) treated wounds were found to epithelize faster as compared with diabetic wound control group. The hydroxyproline content increased significantly when compared with diabetic wound control. Therefore, the results indicate that FA significantly promotes wound healing in diabetic rats.

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A new stable and functional polyzwitterion poly[1-(carboxymethyl)-4-methacrylamidopyridin-1-ium] was synthesized. The zwitterionic polymer shows its isoelectric point at a pH of 4.2, bidirectional pH responsiveness, and formation of dendritic fractal self-aggregated structures. Using this as a common intermediate, a simple, direct, and scalable single-step protocol was established to introduce various elementary anions like NO

Despite the reported evidence of deleterious effects of metabolic acidosis (MA), the development of advanced treatment options for this critical condition has not been explored much. Based on fundamental research and clinical trials, correcting MA with bicarbonate anions has a vast array of potential benefits. To achieve this objective, herein, we report on cytocompatible, charged polyzwitterionic nanogels (PZNGs) that can efficiently fix and release bicarbonate anions by a controlled and sustained mechanism. Three different PZNGs were synthesized using free radical polymerization with Pluronic F-127 as a non-ionic surfactant. From dynamic light scattering analysis, the hydrodynamic sizes (D h) were found to be 68 ± 6, 120 ± 3, and 97 ± 9 nm for PZNG-1, PZNG-2, and PZNG-3, respectively. The fixation of HCO3 – on PZNGs was done either by direct reaction with NaHCO3 or by CO2 gas bubbling into a dispersion of PZNGs, and the maximum loading efficiency was found to be ∼87–95%. Accelerated stability studies showed good stability for 30 days at 25 and 2–8 °C for the nanogels. The cytocompatibility results of the PZNGs from the MTT assay and the live–dead test confirm their non-toxicity, safety, and potential for various biomedical applications. The in vitro drug release profile revealed a sustained and controlled release pattern of HCO3 – with a maximum of ∼90% cumulative release in 168 h. The Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model suggests that the HCO3 – anion release was regulated by diffusion of the anions and swelling of polymeric nanogels. In addition to the fixation and sustained release mechanisms described, the PZNGs reported here act as a simple and efficient carrier to deliver HCO3 – anions for the treatment of MA with reduced complications.

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