[eng] Relative Cost of Capital to Labour and Substitution : Does the Link Still Exist ? Jérôme Henry, Véronique Leroux, Pierre-Alain Muet In France, the slowdown in economic growth which occurred after each oil shock has been followed by a simultaneous reduction of the productivity of both labour and capital. This is contrary to the substitu- tion that should have occurred since the early 1980s, on the basis of the sustained increase in real interest rates and the stagnation of wages. It helps to explain the difficulties faced when trying to identify econometrically a significant impact of capital cost investment in recent past years. The article shows however that the evolution of the average factor productivity becomes consistent with the movement of relative factor costs once two effects are taken into account : on the one hand the impact of delays in the adjustment of capital to slower growth ; and on the other hand the less favourable effects of inter-industry factor mobility. We first analyze different hypotheses related to the magnitude of the effects of substitution, and then present a quantitative assessment of the different influences which are likely to affect the evolution of both labour and capital productivity. As this study does not find any marked slow-down of technical progress, it would seem that the potential growth of the French economy may remain strong. [fre] Le ralentissement de la croissance économique intervenu après chacun des chocs pétroliers s'est accompagné en France d'une réduction simultanée des productivités du capital et du travail. Cette évolution, contradictoire avec les effets de substitution qu'auraient dû entraîner la forte montée des taux d'intérêts réels et la stagnation du salaire réel depuis le début des années quatre-vingt, explique notamment les difficultés à metttre en évidence un impact significatif du coût du capital sur l'investissement dans les estimations économétriques incorporant les années récentes. L'article montre que l'évolution des productivités moyennes des facteurs de production redevient compatible avec celle de leur coût relatif dès lors qu'on prend en compte deux effets : d'une part l'impact des délais d'ajustement du capital au ralentissement de la croissance et d'autre part la diminution des effets favorables de la mobilité intersectorielle des facteurs. Après avoir examiné différentes hypothèses relatives à l'importance des effets de substitution, on propose un bilan quantitatif des différents éléments susceptibles d'influencer l'évolution des productivités du travail et du capital. L'étude ne mettant pas en évidence de ralentissement marqué du progrès technique, la croissance potentielle de l'économie française devrait rester élevée.
[eng] Supply, Demand and Industrial Competitiveness : A Disequilibrium Econometric Model, Integrating Survey Data Eric Bleuze, Véronique Leroux, Pierre-Alain Muet The integration of survey data in disequilibrium econometric models has been developed intensively during recent years. This enables the improvement of short term economic analysis, due to the coherent framework of disequilibrium theory on the one hand, and direct information on production bottlenecks provided by opinion surveys on the other. The estimation of such a model for the French industrial sector yields the following conclusion : when production capacity is insufficient to satisfy potential demand, equilibrium is restored mainly through a reduction of inventories and a rise of imports, and less significantly through a diminution of export, with no rationing of overall domestic demand. [fre] L'intégration des données d'enquêtes dans les modèles économétriques de déséquilibre s'est beaucoup développée ces dernières années. Elle permet d'enrichir l'analyse conjoncturelle en bénéficiant à la fois du cadre d'analyse cohérent de la théorie des équilibres avec rationnement et de l'information directe sur les goulots de production issue des enquêtes de conjoncture. L'estimation d'un modèle de ce type appliqué au secteur industriel français montre que, lorsque la capacité de production est insuffisante pour satisfaire la demande potentielle, le déséquilibre est résorbé principalement par une réduction des stocks et un accroissement des importations, plus marginalement par une réduction des exportations, tandis que la demande intérieure n'est jamais rationnée.
[eng] According to the forecasts presented in this article, the growth rate of the French economy will remain above 3 % in 1 989, then fall somewhat in 1990 as a result of a slowdown of the world economy. The unemployment rate, steady in 1989, would thereafter increase. The inflation rate would remain moderate, although rising a little more rapidly in 1989. [fre] Selon la prévision présentée dans cet article, la croissance de l'économie française resterait supérieure à 3 % en 1989, mais s'infléchirait en 1990 à cause du ralentissement envisagé de l'économie mondiale. Le chômage, qui serait encore stabilisé en 1989, augmenterait à nouveau par la suite. L'inflation resterait modérée malgré une légère accélération en 1989. Une variante à la prévision centrale mesure l'impact d'une demande étrangère plus soutenue en 1990. Selon celle-ci la croissance atteindrait 3 % au lieu de 2,5 %.
Guaranteed mutual funds : what are their operating principles and what are the risks incurred by the market ? Ever since their beginning in France in the late 80's, guaranteed products have continued to grow meeting many investors' security needs. A second generation of « more exotic » products has followed after the first generation of guaranteed products, which offered subscribers a simple indexation to CAC 40's index performance between two given dates. Such new products had two objectives : to face decreasing interest rates which made guaranteed mutual funds commercially less attractive and to make their performance less dependent on their maturity dates. After having explained the characteristics of guaranteed products and described new trends, we shall analyse the risks to which stock markets may be exposed to on account of these mutual funds. Can they aggravate market unbalances in the event of a crisis or, on the contrary, is their impact only marginal ? While guaranteed products necessarily increase market volatility, since market players amplify both upward and downward movements to hedge themselves, we consider this a minor effect when compared to the advantages they provide.
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