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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered SARS-COV-2. Older people and people with pre-existing medical conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, appear to have the worst outcomes with the COVID-19 virus. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries enforced stringent lockdowns to prevent the spread of the disease. India had a lockdown of 68 days between 21st March and 31st May 2020. In this background, we undertook this study to assess the effect of the lockdown on the glycemic status and weight of people with diabetes, which was indirectly an opportunity to assess the self-care practices of people with diabetes. Material and Methods: The subjects included in the study were people with type 2 diabetes identified from electronic medical records who had attended the Jai Clinic and Diabetes Care Centre in Lucknow and were tested for HbA1c between 20th Feb 2020 and 20th March 2020. A total of 313 people with diabetes were identified meeting the inclusion criteria, out of which 171 were females and 142 were males. They were again tested for HbA1c between 1st June 2020 and 1st July 2020 after lockdown. Their pre- and post-lockdown HbA1c and weight were analyzed statistically. Results: HbA1c was increased in 195 patients, which was statistically significant. A total of 151 patients had an increase in weight compared to their prelockdown weights, but it was not statistically significant. Furthermore, an increase in weight correlated with an increase in HbA1c and a decrease in weight correlated with a decrease in HbA1c. Both were statistically significant. Conclusion: Optimum diabetes control and adherence to good self-care practices is the need of hour, and contingency plans for medicines and diabetes care supplies are of utmost importance in these testing times.

psychiatry, and anthropology. Different diseases have different finger prints associated with them. It is clear now that in near future, owing the recent advancement in the field of dermatoglyphics, it is possible to predict that an individual is having or will have that disease. Obesity is a multifactorial condition (polygenic and environmental). Factors determining obesity in utero may influence dermatoglyphic patterns. Dermatoglyphic patterns can be used as a marker to detect obesity. Hence, this study was undertaken to detect the any possible relationship between the dermatoglyphic pattern and obesity. Dermatoglyphics is one of the new and advancing branches of medical science, which studies cornified layer of epidermis and dermal papillae. It is situated and used in the prediction of genetic disorders. [1] Patterns of epidermal ridges have a role in diagnosing and delineating certain syndromes of congenital malformation [2] Background: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific term used for study of epidermal ridges and their configuration on the palmer region of hand and planter region of foot and toes. Obesity is a multifactorial condition (polygenic and environmental). Factors determining obesity in utero may influence dermatoglyphic patterns. Objectives: To identify dermatoglyphic patterns in obese individuals and to find out the association between the dermatoglyphic patterns and obesity. Material and Methods: Three government and three private schools were selected by simple random sampling, with a sample size of 370. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to interview the study participants to elicit the information. Body weight and height was measured and body mass index was calculated. Results: In 42% obese individuals, there was an increase in the number of arches in thumb, mainly right thumb. Out all obese, 29% showed increase in the ATD angle value. There was presence of additional triradii in 17% of obese individuals. Among all obese individuals, 21% had abnormal endings of the main palm lines whereas 11% had reduced C line. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphic patterns can be used as a marker to detect the obesity. An increased number of arches in thumb may be considered in identifying individuals at high risk for obesity. So, necessary preventive and promotive health measures can be adopted in such identified high-risk individuals.

The yolk sac is the first extra embryonic structure that becomes sonographically visible within the gestational sac and acts as the primary route of exchange between the human embryo and the mother before the placental circulation is established. The yolk sac is a round structure that is made up of an anechoic center bordered by a regular well-defined echogenic rim. It is usually 2-5 mm in diameter. The yolk sac appears at 6 weeks, thereafter increases in size, attains its maximum diameter at 10 weeks and then it starts decreasing in size. It disappears at 12 weeks. Aims and Objectives of the present study is to measure the size of yolk sac in pregnancies of duration 6-12 weeks by Transvaginal sonography and also to measure the inner diameter of yolk sac and correlate it with pregnancy outcome. Materials and Methods: We studied 72 pregnant women of duration 6-12 weeks referred by Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The inner diameter of yolk sac was measured by Transvaginal sonography and its correlation with pregnancy outcome was studied. Observations and Results: The mean yolk sac diameter was noted as 3.7±1.8 mm. The diameter of the smallest yolk sac was 1.25 mm and that of the largest was 8.96 mm. Yolk sac size was normal in 62 (88.57%) cases, it was smaller in size in one (1.4%) case. Further in another 7 (10%) cases, the yolk sac was found to be abnormally enlarged. In these cases where yolk sac was either enlarged or smaller in size, gestation terminated into abortion.

Introduction: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Type 2 Diabetes share a bidirectional relationship. NAFLD can increase the severity of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications. Ultrasonography, the most commonly used method of assessment of NAFLD in India, is associated with intra-operator variability and false positives. Transient elastography and Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) have emerged as one of the best modalities to screen NAFLD in people with diabetes. Aim: Screening for NAFLD in people with Type 2 Diabetes and its association with age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and duration of diabetes. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted on patients with known Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who visited the study center between July 2019 and November 2019 for consultation. A total of 287 people with diabetes were subjected to FibroScan test and LSM was done. The other variables-age, gender, duration of diabetes, height, weight, BMI and HbA1c were recorded for all subjects and the collected data was correlated using Spearman rho test. Results: The study population included 61% males and 39% females. The mean age was 46.96 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 10.98 years. The mean Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) value was 9.28%. The median value of LSM by M probe was 7.16. Out of the total, 78 (27.2%) were identified with advanced fibrosis with LSM >9.6. Advanced fibrosis was strongly correlated with HbA1c (r=0.820), age (r=0.562) and duration of diabetes (r=0.596) and moderately with BMI (r=0.375). Conclusion: The screening of people with type 2 diabetes for NAFLD using LSM revealed 27.2% subjects with advanced fibrosis, it correlated positively with age, BMI and duration of diabetes.