Of eleven hundred seventy-six Iranian college students, those who were more exposed to war-related traumatic events and those who were less religious had higher death anxiety and death depression. The specific variables that contributed the most variance to both death anxiety and death depression were weaker religious belief, female gender, injury to friends or relatives, death of friends or relatives, not believing in life after death, and maintaining that the most important aspect of religion is life after death. Theoretical and clinical implications were discussed. The greater death anxiety of female Iranians adds to the inference that death anxiety is greater in females, which seems to be a worldwide phenomena.The present study had two primary purposes. One was to determine the relationship of death anxiety and death depression of Iranian Moslems to war-related event exposure during the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War. The study was carried out both by correlations of war-related events to the two death attitude measures and by comparison of death attitude of Iranian college students who lived in the area of greatest military activity (region of University of Shiraz) with college students from other regions. It was hypothesized that experiencing war related events would be positively associated with death anxiety and death depression. The 201 0 1999, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.

Young, active, licensed professional boxers (N = 19) were found to display a pattern of neuropsychological deficits consistent with the more severe punch‐drunk syndrome of years past. These deficits resulted in significantly lower test performance than that of control athletes (N = 10) matched for race, age, and level of education. Tests that showed significant differences between groups include subtests of the Quick Neurological Screening Test, subtests of the Halstead‐Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, and the Randt Memory Test. Fifteen of the 19 boxers scored in the impaired range of the Reitan Impairment Index, as compared to 2 of the 10 controls.

The present research is an examination of the parameters and correlates of kanashibari, operationally defined as being unable to move upon awakening or before falling asleep. Nonclinical Japanese individuals (N = 720), 34% of whom reported an experience of kanashibari at least once, were administered D. I. Templer's (1970) Death Anxiety Scale, R. Brown's (1990) Locus of Control Scale, and a questionnaire devised by the authors to collect information about kanashibari. The results showed that the kanashibari experience was positively correlated with death anxiety, with being a woman, and with external-other locus of control; this last measure assessed the extent to which these individuals felt that their lives were determined by fate, good luck, or chance.

Indirect treatment (concentrated relaxation and stress management) of student nurses did not produce a significant change in death anxiety or death depression or ability to communicate with the dying. Change in state anxiety and trait anxiety and general depression correlated with each other. Change in the three death attitude measures, however, neither correlated with each other nor with changes in the general anxiety and general depression measures. A viscosity model in which death anxiety and death depression are more resistant to change than general anxiety and general depression was proposed. It was contended that interventions based on Templer's (1976) two-factor theory tend to be simplistic and not implemented for the individual patient or research participant. More holistic approaches were recommended.

A 60‐item short form of the MMPI with very high content validity and items that appear on both the MMPI and MMPI‐2 was developed and named the MMPI‐TRI. It contains three 20‐item scales—the Subjective Distress, Acting‐Out, and Psychosis scales. These three scales have excellent internal consistency and sufficient independence from each other. An anxiety and depression group of patients, prison inmate group, and a schizophrenic and other psychotic group had the highest mean scores on Subjective Distress, Acting‐Out, and Psychosis, respectively. Correlations with the 13 regular scales of the MMPI and MMPI‐2, their content and supplementary scales, and four other psychometric instruments provided very strong evidence for validity. Norms are provided.